دانلود کتاب Stem Cells in Veterinary Science

فهرست مطالب :

Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I: Overview and Introduction 1: Overview of Stem Cells and Their Applications in Veterinary Medicine 1.1 History of Stem Cells 1.2 Types of Stem Cells 1.3 Stem Cells of Veterinary Importance 1.4 Adult Stem Cells 1.5 Mechanisms of Stem Cell Actions 1.6 Clinical Applications of Stem Cells in Regenerative Veterinary Medicine 1.7 Conclusions References 2: Introduction to Mammary Gland and Its Cell Types 2.1 Prenatal Development of the Mammary Gland 2.2 Postnatal Development of the Mammary Gland 2.2.1 Early Development 2.2.2 Prepubertal Development 2.3 Mammary Growth During Pregnancy 2.4 Mammary Growth During Lactation 2.5 Post-lactational Mammary Gland Involution 2.6 Gross Morphology of Ruminant Mammary Gland 2.7 Histomorphology of Mammary Gland 2.8 Types of Cells in the Mammary Gland 2.9 Mammary Epithelial Cell (MEC) 2.10 Myoepithelial Cells 2.11 Adipocytes 2.12 Mammary Stem/Progenitor Cell References 3: Mammary Stem Cells: How Much Do We Know? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Discovery, Isolation, and Characterization of MaSCs 3.3 Single MaSC Can Form an Entire Mammary Gland 3.4 Endocrine Regulation of MaSCs 3.5 Significance and Relevance to Dairy Animals and Humans Health 3.6 Conclusion References 4: Methods of Identification and Characterization of Stem Cells 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Identification and Isolation of Stem Cells 4.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells 4.2.2 Adult Stem Cells 4.3 Characterization of Stem Cells References 5: Potential of Stem Cell Therapy to Combat Mastitis in Dairy Animals 5.1 Mastitis 5.2 Etiology of Mastitis 5.3 Mammary Gland 5.4 Structure 5.5 Effect of Mastitis on Mammary Gland Structure 5.6 Stem Cell Biology 5.7 How Does Stem Cell Technology Work to Combat? 5.8 Bovine Mammary Stem/Progenitor Cells 5.9 Caprine Mammary Stem Cells 5.10 Murine Mammary Stem Cells 5.11 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 5.12 Adipose Stem Cells 5.13 Limitations 5.14 Conclusion and Future Needs References Part II: Stem Cells and Veterinary Research 6: Fatty Liver Disease and Utility of Stem Cells in Developing the Disease Model 6.1 Histology of Liver 6.2 Pathology of the Liver and Altered Histology 6.3 Characteristics of the Transition Period 6.4 Homoerotic Shifts in Glucose Partitioning Support Lactation 6.5 Altered Glucose Partitioning Promotes Mobilization of Energetic Reserves in Adipose Tissue 6.6 Mobilization of TAG from Adipose Tissue in the Periparturient Period 6.7 Limited Protein Intake Results in Impaired VLDL Secretion and Mitochondrial Dysfunction 6.8 The Immune System is Impaired in the Transition Period Because of Inadequate Glucose and Elevated NEFA 6.9 Impaired Hepatic Function Results in Impaired Gluconeogenesis 6.10 Early Lactation Requires Coordinated Shifts in Lipid and Glucose Metabolism 6.11 MCJ and Mitochondrial Function: Decreased Triacylglycerol Accumulation 6.12 Bovine FLD as a Model of NASH and NAFLD 6.13 In Vitro Models of NAFLD 6.14 Stem Cells as an Alternative Source of Individual-specific Hepatic Cells 6.15 Other Possible Hepatic Cell Culture Models of Bovine FLD 6.16 Conclusions References 7: Mammary Epithelial Cells: A Potential Cellular Model to Understand the Impact of Heat Stress on Mammary Gland and Milk Prod... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Economic Consequences of Heat Stress on Livestock Production 7.3 Heat Stress and Milk Yield 7.4 Impact of Heat Stress on Mammary Gland of Dairy Animals 7.5 Mammary Epithelial Cells as a Cellular Model to Understand the Heat Stress Response 7.6 Conclusion References 8: Milk and Milk-Derived Stem Cells 8.1 Milk Composition 8.2 Milk Fat 8.3 Milk Protein 8.4 Minerals, Antioxidants, and Vitamins in Milk 8.5 Immunoglobulins in Milk 8.6 Milk Exosomes 8.7 Milk Probiotics 8.8 Milk-Derived Stem Cells 8.9 Therapeutic Applications of Milk-Derived Stem Cells References 9: Cryopreservation of Testicular Stem Cells and Its Application in Veterinary Science 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods of Cryopreservation of Testicular Stem Cells 9.3 Freezing of Testicular Stem Cells Box 9.1 A Suggested Protocol for Slow Freezing of Testicular Stem Cells in Mechanical Freezer 9.4 Vitrification of Testicular Stem Cells Box 9.2 A Suggested Protocol for Vitrification of Testicular Stem Cells by SSV 9.4.1 Cryocontainers for Vitrification 9.5 Cryoprotective agents (CPA) for Freezing and Vitrification 9.6 CPA Toxicity and Strategies for Its Amelioration 9.7 Cryoinjury and Strategies for Its Amelioration 9.8 Assessing the Viability of Cryopreserved Testicular Stem Cells 9.9 Biochemical Assays 9.10 Molecular Methods 9.11 Transplantation Assays 9.12 In Vitro Spermatogenesis 9.13 Application of Testicular Stem Cell Cryopreservation 9.14 Fertility Restoration in Males with Pre- and Post-meiotic Barriers to Spermatogenesis 9.15 Male Fertility in Ageing 9.16 Posthumous Reproduction 9.17 Fertility Preservation and Restoration in Pre-pubertals with Oncological Conditions 9.18 Fertility Preservation and Restoration in Non-oncological Diseases 9.19 Animal Transgenesis and Genome Editing 9.20 Banking for Preservation and International Movement of Animal Genetic Resources 9.21 Challenges and Future Perspectives 9.22 Conclusions References 10: Testicular Stem Cell Niche 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Histoarchitecture of Testis 10.2.1 Stroma 10.2.1.1 Testicular Coverings 10.2.1.2 Septae and Medistinum Testis 10.2.2 Parenchyma 10.2.2.1 Seminiferous Tubules Types of Cells Within Seminiferous Tubules 10.2.2.2 Interstitial Tissue 10.2.2.3 Rete Testis 10.3 TSC Niche 10.3.1 Sertoli Cells 10.3.2 Basement Membrane of Seminiferous Tubules 10.3.3 PM Cells 10.3.4 Leydig Cells 10.3.5 Blood Vessels 10.3.6 Macrophages 10.4 Ontogeny of TSC Niche 10.5 Factors Influencing TSC Niche 10.5.1 Intrinsic Factors 10.5.1.1 Taf4b 10.5.1.2 Plzf 10.5.1.3 Chd1l 10.5.2 Extrinsic Factors 10.5.2.1 ERM/Etv5 Transcription Factor 10.5.2.2 GDNF Ras Signalling Pathway Src Signalling Pathway FGFR2 Signalling Pathway B Cell CLL/Lymphoma 6, Member B (Bcl6b) 10.5.2.3 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) 10.5.2.4 Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1) 10.5.3 Adhesion Molecules 10.5.4 Age 10.5.5 FSH 10.6 Conclusions References 11: Proteomics of Mammary Gland and Mammary Stem Cells 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cell Types and Specification of the Mammary Gland 11.3 Mammary Epithelial Cells 11.4 Adipocytes 11.5 Fibroblasts 11.6 Vascular Cells and Immune Cells 11.7 Proteomics: The Ability to Study Many Proteins Together 11.8 Quality Control in MS-Based Experiments 11.9 The Proteome of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells 11.10 MEC Secretome 11.11 Bioinformatics-Assisted Proteomics 11.12 Presence of Contaminating Proteins in Cultured Mammary Epithelial or Stem Cell Lines 11.13 Mammary Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Proteomics Analysis 11.14 Proteomic Analysis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in Diseases Like Mastitis 11.15 Mammary Stem Cells (MaSC), Their Identification, and Characterization: Role of Proteomics 11.16 Characterization of Bovine MaSCs/Progenitor Cells 11.17 The Secretome from Bovine Mammosphere-Derived Cells (MDCs) 11.18 Protein Isoforms in MSC 11.19 Chromatin Organization, Epigenomics and Protein Expression in Mammary Gland Cells References Part III: Therapeutic Applications 12: Advancing Quantitative Stem Cell Dosing for Veterinary Stem Cell Medicine 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Therapeutic Tissue Stem Cells in Animal Tissues 12.3 Therapeutic M[S]Cs in Veterinary Medicine 12.4 Previous Attention to Indicators of Stem Cell Dose in Veterinary M[S]C Treatments 12.5 The Tissue Stem Cell Counting Problem 12.6 A Solution for the Tissue Stem Cell Counting Problem 12.7 Benefits of Quantitative Stem Cell Dosing for Stem Cell Veterinary Medicine 12.8 Conclusions and Future Perspective References 13: Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Immunomodulatory and Immunogenic Properties Suggest That Bovine MSC May Be a Useful Therapeutic Strategy for Mastitis 13.1.2 The Antibacterial Potential of Bovine Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells May Play a Crucial Role Against Pathogens-Causing Ma... 13.2 Safety and Efficacy of a Bovine MSCs Intramammary Therapy Against Experimentally Induced Staphylococcus aureus Clinical M... 13.3 Conclusions References 14: Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Canine Diseases 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Why MSCs? 14.3 Characterisation of MSCs 14.4 Potential Therapeutic Applications 14.5 Potential Applications in Musculoskeletal Tissues 14.6 Potential Applications of MSCs in Non-musculoskeletal Tissues 14.7 Miscellaneous Studies 14.8 Conclusions References 15: Biomaterials and Scaffolds in Stem Cell Therapy 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Biomaterials and Bioscaffolds 15.2.1 Biomaterials Used in Stem Cell Culture 15.2.1.1 Natural Biomaterials in Stem Cell Culture 15.2.1.2 Synthetic Biomaterials in Stem Cell Culture 15.2.1.3 Synthetic Polymers in Stem Cell Culture 15.2.1.4 Mesh Scaffolds in Stem Cell Culture 15.3 Composite Mesh, Absorbable Synthetic Mesh, and Biological Graft 15.4 Delivery of Stem Cells Through Biomaterials 15.5 Clinical Applications of Biomaterials and Scaffolds 15.6 Conclusions References 16: Prospects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome in Veterinary Regenerative Therapy 16.1 Introduction 16.2 MSCs Secretome or Conditioned Media (CM) 16.2.1 Extracellular Vesicles 16.3 Isolation of Conditioned Media 16.4 Isolation of Exosomes 16.5 Mechanism of CM in Wound Healing 16.6 Exosomes as Drug Delivery Agents 16.7 Clinical Applications of MSCs-CM 16.7.1 Bone Regeneration/Fracture Healing 16.7.2 Tendon and Ligament Repair 16.7.3 Repair of Nerve Injury or Paralysis 16.7.4 Wound Healing and Hair Follicle Regeneration 16.8 Conclusion References 17: Reprogramming and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Porcine 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Brief History Toward the Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 17.3 Basis of Reprogramming Using Genetic Factors 17.3.1 Role of Individual Factors in Reprogramming 17.3.2 Genome-Wide Sequential Events for Establishment and Maintenance of Pluripotency by OSKM Cocktail 17.3.2.1 Somatic Program Silencing 17.3.2.2 Stem Cell Program Activation 17.3.2.3 Re-organization of Chromatin Architecture 17.3.3 Kinetics of Molecular Signatures During Somatic Cell Reprogramming 17.3.4 Elite and Stochastic Models for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation 17.4 Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 17.4.1 Choice of Reprogramming Factors 17.4.2 Choice of the Delivery System 17.4.3 Choice of Somatic Cells to Be Reprogrammed 17.4.4 Culture Supplementation with Special Reference to LIF and FGF2 17.4.5 Culture of iPS with or Without Feeder Cells 17.4.6 Expression of Marker Genes in Porcine iPS Cells 17.4.7 In Vitro Lineage Differentiation of Porcine iPS Cells 17.4.8 Assay for Testing Developmental Potential 17.4.8.1 Tetraploid Complementation Assay 17.4.8.2 Teratoma Formation with Porcine iPS Cells 17.4.8.3 Contribution of Porcine iPS Cells to Chimera Formation 17.4.9 Naïve Versus Primed iPS Cells 17.4.10 Other Features of Porcine iPS Cells 17.5 Therapeutic and Other Applications of Porcine iPS Cells 17.6 Concluding Remarks References 18: CRISPR/Cas System and Stem Cell Editing: Prospects and Possibilities in Veterinary Sciences 18.1 Introduction 18.2 CRISPR/Cas as Genetic Manipulation Tool: An Overview 18.3 Urgencies of a Typical CRISPR/Cas-Based Genetic Manipulation 18.3.1 Selection of Effector Cas Protein 18.3.2 The sgRNA Designing 18.3.3 The Homology Repair Template 18.3.4 The Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas Machinery Inside the Cell 18.4 CRISPR/Cas Tools Use in Stem Cell Technologies: Applications in the Veterinary World 18.4.1 CRISPR-Based Reprogramming and Directed Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells 18.4.2 CRISPR-Based Stem Cell Modulation: Scope in Veterinary Sciences 18.4.2.1 Generation of Genetically Modified Animals with Improved Productivity and Fitness 18.4.2.2 Animal Health Improvement Disease-Resistant Transgenic Animals Regenerative Veterinary Medicine 18.4.2.3 Animal Modeling for Biomedical Research 18.5 Conclusion References Part IV: Issues and Perspectives 19: Identification of Species-Specific Stem Cells and Challenges 19.1 Introduction to Stem Cells 19.2 Markers of Stem Cells 19.3 Difficulty in Identifying Stem Cells 19.4 Challenges of Stem Cell Research 19.5 Conclusions References 20: Regulations of Animal Cell-Based Drugs in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine 20.1 Overview of FDA´s Drug Approval Process 20.2 Centre for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), USA 20.3 European Union 20.3.1 Law Governing the Implementation of New Veterinary Medicine Regulations 20.4 India´s Regulations on Animal Stem Cell Therapy References