دانلود کتاب Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention

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Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Models of Suicide
1 Models of Suicide and Their Implications for Suicide Prevention
Sociological Models
Individual Models
Physiological Models
Intrapsychic Models
Intrapersonal Models
Why Are Models of Suicide Important?
Preventing Completed Suicide
The Societal Approach
The Individual Approach
Comment
Preventing Attempted Suicide
Final Comment: Is Suicide Prevention Needed?
References
2 Neurobiological Approach to the Study of Suicide
Introduction
Explanatory Neurobiological Models of Suicidal Behaviour
The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behaviour
Molecular Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Systems Neuroscience
Neurobiology for Suicide Prevention
Discussion
References
3 The Journey Back from Suicide
References
4 Suicide as Syndemic
Culture
Intersectionality
Syndemic Theory
Culture and Suicide
Cultural Variations
Methodology in Research
Syndemic Case Study
The Situation
Location Details
Assessment
War Paths
The Syndemic
Physiological Factor: High Altitude Effects
Physiological Factor: Psychiatric Disorders
Cultural Factor: Cowboy Culture
Swiss Cheese Model
Current Events and the Future
Summary
References
5 Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide from a Cultural Perspective
Introduction
Theoretical Perspective: The Social Constructionism
Methodology
Analysis Results: Categories and Subcategories
Resulting Categories
Die
Feelings
Loneliness
Sadness
Rage
Despair
Guilt
Emptiness
Fear
Anxiety
Negative Self-Concept
Social Support
Lack of Love
Domestic Violence
Precariousness
Silence
Discussion
Conclusions of This Study
Limitations of This Study
References
6 Protective Factors in Suicidal Behavior
Decision-Making and Behaviour
Resilience
Mental Health
Social Factors
Reasons for Living
Summary
References
7 Unmet Needs in the Management of Suicide Risk
The Formulation of Suicide Risk
Understanding the Suicidal Mind
Critical Appraisal of Psychiatric Disorders in the Context of the Suicidal Scenario
Communication of Suicidal Intentions
Unlocking the Suicidal Mind by a Proper Understanding of the Subjective Experience
Conclusions
References
8 Reasons for Living as a Strength-Based Approach to Suicide Prevention
Introduction
A Brief History
A Holistic Approach to Suicide Prevention
Problem-Focused Approaches
Emotional Pain
Hopelessness
Entrapment
Interpersonal Difficulties
Emotion Dysregulation
Personality Traits
Strength-Based Approaches
Resilience
Meaning and Purpose
Quality of Life
Psychological Well-being
Reasons for Living as a Strength-Based Approach
Overview of the Subscales
Survival and Coping Beliefs
Responsibility to Family
Child-Related Concerns
Fear of Suicide
Fear of Disapproval
Moral Objections
Adaptive Approach to Suicide Prevention
Reasons for Living by Age
Older Adult
College Students
Yong-Adult
Adolescent
Gender Differences
Reasons for Living Translations and Adaptations
Sweden
Italy
Latinx
China
India
Summary
References
9 Prevention-Oriented Risk Formulation
Introduction
The Background: From Prediction to Prevention
Initial Motivations
A New Approach
Prevention-Oriented Risk Formulation
More Enduring Factors
More Dynamic Factors
Risk Formulation
Updates and Modifications
Prevention-Oriented Risk Assessment for Violence
Scientific Basis
Practical Basis
Process
Conclusions and Future Directions
The Gold Coast Achievement
Rapid Implementation of Prevention-Oriented Risk Formulation
Developing and Implementing an Integrated Formulation
What Comes Next
References
10 The Narrative Crisis Model of Suicide: A Novel and Empirically Grounded Diathesis-Stress Model of Suicide
Introduction
The NCM´s Raison D´être
The Narrative Crisis Model of Suicide: A Dynamic Diathesis-Stress Multistage Model
Long-Term Risk Factors
Stressful Life Events
The Suicidal Narrative
The Suicide Crisis Syndrome
Empirical Validation of the NCM
Contrasting the NCM with Other Models of Suicide
Stress-Diathesis Models
Ideation-to-Action Models
Conclusion
References
11 Clinician Emotional Response to Patients at Risk of Suicide: A Review of the Extant Literature
Effect on Clinicians
Suicide Risk Assessment Models
Countertransference
Negative Countertransference Phenomena
Positive Countertransference Phenomena
Mixed Countertransference Phenomena
Individual Differences Among Clinicians
Effect of Countertransference on Outcomes in Therapy
Countertransference and Therapeutic Alliance
Awareness and Training
Diagnostic Value of Countertransference
Clinical Implications
Future Directions
Conclusion
References
12 How to Ask About Suicide
Introduction
A Focus on Suicide Ideation
How to Ask About Suicide
How Is Suicide Ideation Addressed in Research Scales?
How Is Suicide Ideation Addressed in Clinical Enquiry?
Why Are Clinicians Hesitant to Ask About Suicide Ideation?
Issues to Consider in Deciding How to Ask ``the Ask´´
How to Ask ``the Ask´´
When to Ask the Ask
Is the Presence of Suicide Ideation Predictive of Future Suicidal Behavior?
Conclusion
References
13 Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality Approach
The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) Approach
Case Example
The CAMS Philosophy of Care
Empathy
Collaboration
Honesty/Transparency
Suicide-Focus
Using the Suicide Status Form (SSF) to Guide Clinical Care
The First Session of CAMS
Assessment
Treatment Planning
Interim Sessions of CAMS
Assessment
Focus of Care
Treatment Plan Update
Case Example Interim Care
Final Session of CAMS
Assessment
Outcome Disposition
Case Study Outcome Disposition
Empirical Support for CAMS
SSF-Focused Studies
Correlational Clinical Trials
Randomized Controlled Trials of CAMS
Other and Ongoing CAMS-Related Research
Conclusions and Next Steps for CAMS
References
14 Differentiation of Suicidal Behavior in Clinical Practice
Introduction
The Context of Development
The Benefits of Clinical Differentiation of Suicidal Behaviours
The Hypothetic Four-Type Model of Entrapment (H4ME)
SUICIDI-2: An Instrument to Classify Entrapment
Validation Strategy of the H4ME
Discussion
Conclusion
References
15 Postdiction in the Psychological Autopsy: A Clue or Algorithm
Introduction
Suicide
How Do We Study Suicide?
A Model of Suicide
The Psychological Autopsy
The State of Indiana vs. Bei Bei Shuai
The Evidence
My Testimony
Therefore
Dr. Virginia Apgar and Formula
The Algorithm That Postdicts
Conclusion
Cross-References
Appendix 1 Thematic Guide for Suicide Prediction
References
16 Suicide and Trauma
Suicide and Trauma: Risk, Identification, and Treatment
Suicide Risk
Comorbid Psychiatric Diagnoses
Impulsivity
Gender
Age
Occupation
Social Support
Ethnic Minority Status
The COVID-19 Pandemic
Identification
Treatment of Suicidality and Posttraumatic Symptoms
Treatment of Acute Suicide Risk
Stabilization
Trauma-Focused Treatment
Conclusion
References
17 Suicide and Psychotic Depression
Symptomatology
Biological Symptoms
Functional Impairments and Cognition
Psychotic Depression vs. Non-psychotic Depression
Treatment
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Ketamine
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Suicide
Role of Delusions and Hallucinations
Conclusion
References
18 Indirect Self-Destructive Behaviors
Introduction
Overview and Background of Indirect Self-Destructive Behaviors
Eating Disorders
Substance Use
Recklessness and Impulsive Behaviors
Self-Neglect
Conclusions
References
19 Promoting Healthy Development and Preventing Suicide Across the Life Span: Individuation and Attachment in Matched Biblical...
Introduction
A Two-Axis Model of Healthy Development Versus Pathological Fixation
Bidimensionalizing Erikson
Within-Stage Dynamics
Between-Stage Dynamics
Stage 4 - School Age: From Inferiority to Industry
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
Stage 5 - Adolescence: From Identity Confusion to Identity
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
Stage 6 - Early Adulthood: From Isolation to Intimacy
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
Stage 7 - Middle Adulthood: From Stagnation to Generativity
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
Stage 8 - Older Adulthood: From Despair to Integrity
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
Stage 9 - The Oldest-Old: From Incapacitation to Generational Continuity
Healthy Developmental Integration
Potentially Suicidal Disintegration
An Application to Ancient Narratives: Preventing Suicide and Valorizing Life in Biblical Versus Graeco-Roman Narratives
Feeling Isolated and Ignored: Treating the Ajax Syndrome with the Elijah Intervention
The Ajax Syndrome
The Elijah Intervention
Feeling One´s Life Is Without Meaning: Treating the Zeno Syndrome with the Job Intervention
The Zeno Syndrome
The Job Intervention
Feeling Exiled from One´s Home or Homeland (as a Refugee or Outcast): Treating the Coriolanus Syndrome with the David Interven...
The Coriolanus Syndrome
The David Intervention
Feeling One Is Unable to Be Oneself with Others: Treating the Narcissus Syndrome with the Jonah Intervention
The Narcissus Syndrome
The Jonah Intervention
Feeling One Is Alone and Unsupported in One´s Life Mission: Treating the Oedipus Syndrome (171) with the Moses Intervention (1...
The Oedipus Syndrome
The Moses Intervention
Feeling Abandoned by One´s Child Leaving the Family Nest and Building His/Her Own Life: Treating the Phaedra Syndrome with the...
The Phaedra Syndrome
The Rebecca Intervention
Feeling Doomed by a Dysfunctional Family of Origin: Treating the Antigone Syndrome with the Ruth Intervention
The Antigone Syndrome
The Ruth Intervention
Conclusion
References
20 The Impact of Stigma on the Risk of Suicide
Introduction
The concept of Stigma
Stigma and Psychiatric Disorders
Stigma and Suicidal Behavior
References
21 The Role of Resilience in Suicide Prevention and for Recovery After Suicide Attempt: Learning from 80 Years of Resilience R...
Introduction
Learning from Resilient Survivors and the Contribution This Can Make to Suicide Prevention
The Evolution of Research on Resilience
Longitudinal Studies of Resilience: What Determines Someone´s Trajectory in Life?
Resilience as Dynamic and Always Evolving
Post-Traumatic Growth
Can those Who Are Not Resilient at the Time of Greatest Vulnerability Build Resilience?
Building Resilience in Individuals to Better Prepare Them for Life´s Adversities
Choosing How We Respond to Distress, Trauma, and Depression
Working with Neuroplasticity: Great Cause for Optimism
Positive Psychology
Conclusion
References
22 Learning from the Lived Experience of Resilient Survivors of Suicidality and Suicide Attempt: The Role of Self-Managing Rec...
Introduction
The Decision to Live
What Resilience Factors Did These Resilient Survivors Draw On?
The Process of Recovery
Phases of Recovery
Stabilization
Cocooning
Keeping it Simple and Having Some Structure
Knowing When to Re-Engage
Beginning the Proactive Steps of Recovery
Finding Anchors to Strength
Reaching Out: Building Connection
Reaching Out for Support
Moving from Stabilization into Rebuilding
The Awakening of Curiosity and Determination: Becoming Proactive
They Exercised Some Domain/s of Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Building Positive Connections
Self-Care
Insight Applied to Developing Resilience
Spiritual Intelligence
Moving Through Rebuilding and Consolidating Strength
Becoming Engaged: Developing Altruism Through Volunteerism
Decided to Become a Better Person
Opening Up New Options: Moving Toward Flourishing
Managing Setbacks: Reality-Checking
Became Indomitable
Choosing Happiness
Sustaining Resilience
Summary
References
Part II: Suicide Prevention Across the Life Span
23 Treatment Approaches with Suicidal Adolescents
Treatment Approaches with Suicidal Adolescents
Introduction
Review of Recent Meta-Analyses
Psychotherapy Treatment Approaches
Individual CBT Approaches
Individual CBT + Parent/Family Involvement
CBT + Pharmacotherapy
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Family Therapy
Basic Family Therapy
Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT)
Integrated Family Therapy
Brief Family-Based Therapy
Parent Training
Safety Planning
Other Psychotherapies
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
Developmental Group Therapy
Mentalization Therapy
Brief Integrated Interventions Used in Inpatient Settings
Technology as an Aid in Treatment
Rapid Acting Treatments for Severe Suicidal Ideation: Ketamine
Conclusions
References
24 Suicide Prevention Among Elderly
Introduction
Epidemiological Data
Risk Factors
Physical Illness and Cognitive Impairment
Psychiatric Illness, Suicidal Ideation, and Personality Factors
Psychosocial Factors: Adverse Life Events and Transitions
Protective Factors
Prevention of Late-Life Suicide
Universal Prevention Interventions
Selective Prevention Interventions
Indicated Prevention Interventions
Gender Differences in Late-Life Suicide Intervention
New Frontiers for the Prevention of Suicide in Old Age
Conclusions
References
25 Suicide and Older Adults: The Role of Risk and Protective Factors
Introduction/Purpose
General Suicide Rates in the United States
Suicide in Older Adults
Suicide and Gender Identity
Suicide, Race, and Ethnicity
Suicide and Education/Occupation/Socioeconomic Status
Risk Factors
Psychiatric Illness
Physical Health
Social Connectedness and Support
Functional Capacity
Access to Means
Protective Factors
Screening/Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment Strategies for Suicide in Older Adults
Screening and Assessment
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
References
26 Preventing Suicide in Boys and Men
Suicide in Boys and Men
Masculinity, Seeking and Receiving Help, and Suicide
Suicide Prevention Interventions
Universal/Selective Interventions That Encourage Help-Seeking Through a Focus on Masculinity
Indicated Interventions That Ensure That When Boys and Men Do Seek Help, It Meets Their Needs
Addressing Research Gaps: Advancing Knowledge by Answering Critical Research Questions
Our Research Program
The Interventions
The Randomized Controlled Trials
The Modeling Exercises
Strengths and Weaknesses of Our Approach
A Final Comment
References
27 The Workplace: Our Most Crosscutting and Under-Leveraged System in Suicide Prevention and Suicide Crisis Response
Why Should Workplaces Care About Suicide Prevention?
Global Models of Workplace Suicide Prevention Guidelines
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Conclusion
Appendix
References
28 Suicide Risk Among Psychiatric Patients
Introduction
Case Definition: Who Is a Psychiatric Patient?
Suicides in Psychiatric Hospitals
Suicides Among Depressive Patients
Suicide Deaths in Unipolar Depression
Temporal Variations in Suicide Risk During Hospitalization and After Hospital Discharge
Risk Factors for Suicide Among Subjects with Depression
Prevention of Suicides Among Depressive Psychiatric Patients
Suicides Among Patients with Type I or II Bipolar Disorder
Suicide Deaths in Bipolar Disorder
Risk Factors for Suicide in Bipolar Disorder
Role of Lithium Treatment in Suicide Prevention
Suicides Among Patients with Schizophrenia
Does Clozapine Treatment Prevent Suicides Among Subjects with Schizophrenia?
Discussion
Role of Gender
Previous Attempts as Indicators of High Risk
Role of Illness Severity
Limitations of the Available Studies
Future Prospects of Research
References
29 Suicide in Doctors
Introduction
Suicide Risk Assessment
Overall Perspective
General Hypothesis and Specific Risk Factors for Completed Suicide
Psychiatric Diseases Risk Factors
Sex Risk Factor
Race and Ethnicity Risk Factor
Age Risk Factor
Medical Specialty Risk Factor
Civil Status Risk Factor
Career Risk Factor
Burn-Out
Suicide Prevention
Patient Barrier
Embarrassment
Time and Cost
Personality Traits
Medical Knowledge
Provider Barrier
Confidentiality
Quality of Care
System Barrier
Structural Issue
Cultural Issues
Limitations
Conclusion
References
30 Suicidal Risk Across the Life Span
Introduction
In Utero and Perinatal Influences
Cognitive Development
Behavioral and Emotional Development
Social and Interpersonal Development
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part III: Social Aspects of Suicide
31 The Aftermath of a Suicide: Social Media Exposure and Implications for Postvention
Background
Finding Out
Widespread Rumor and Speculation
Mass Exposure
Romanticization
Negative Comments
Implications for Postvention
Conclusion
References
32 Print Media and Suicide
Historical Recollections and a Current Issue
Many Studies Have Concluded That Media Could Be Considered Responsible for the Increase of Suicide [11, 12]
Therefore, What Can Be Done?
There Is a Need to Improve the Relationship Between Mental Health Professionals and Suicidologists with Media Professionals
Another Point
The Education of Media Is Essential. But Is It Possible?
Last Interesting Point: ``Is It a Fact of Modern Society?´´
However, Reporting Suicide Can Help to Prevent Future Suicide
Conclusion
References
33 Suicide Prevention in Female Sex Workers
Introduction
Suicide Prevention in Sex Workers
Suicidal Behaviors in Indoor Sex Workers
Suicidal Behaviors in Street Sex Workers
Common Risk Factors
Suicidal Behavior Prevention
Suicidal Behavior Prevention in Sex Workers
Training on Suicidal Behaviors to Harm Reduction Services
Training on Suicidal Behaviors for Sex Worker´s Peers
Providing Emotional Support Services
Referral to Health Services in Situations of Suicidal Crisis
References
34 Zero Suicide: The Movement to Safer Suicide Care in Health Care
Introduction
Zero Suicide Model Emerges As Part of National Strategy for Suicide Prevention
A Set of Recommendations for Safer Care
The Zero Suicide Model
Defining the Elements of the Zero Suicide Model
Early Adopters and Outcomes
Implementation Resources
Zero Suicide Training
Suicide Care As a Public Health Initiative Within Health Care
Creating a Movement
An International Declaration
Integrating Lived Experience Into System Design
Future Directions: From Grants Supporting a Mental Health Initiative to Installing Suicide Care As a Core Activity of Health S...
Conclusion
References
35 Suicide Prevention: Turning Inward for Direction
Self-Disclosure: Part 1
Is Suicide Preventable?
Is There Any Value in Suicide Risk Factors
Turning Inward: Because We Have To
What Does It Mean to Turn Inward for Direction?
Self-Disclosure Part 2: Looking in the Mirror What I Saw?
What Is This Going to Do for me?
References
36 Life Skills Dynamic Meditation for Suicide Prevention
Introduction
Life Skills Dynamic Meditation
Self-Awareness
Empathy
Critical Thinking
Creative Thinking
Decision-Making
Problem-Solving
Effective Communication
Interpersonal Relationship
Coping with Emotions
Suicide Prevention in India
What Is Stress?
What Is Attitude?
What Is Dynamic?
What Is Meditation?
What Is Depression?
What Are the Warning Signs of Suicide?
What Can you Do if Someone Seems Suicidal?
37 Complex Trauma and Suicide: An Integrative Interpersonal Approach
The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Toward an Interpersonal Understanding of Suicide
Research on the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Complex Trauma and Suicide
Trauma and Complex Trauma
Complex Trauma and Suicide
An Integrative Interpersonal Approach to Complex Trauma and Suicide
Interpersonal Theory
Interpersonal Dynamics of Complex Trauma and Suicide
Discussion
References
38 Suicide and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Previous Evidence from Infectious Disease-Related Public Health Emergencies
What Do We Know About the Suicide Rates During the Pandemic?
What Do We Know About Suicidal Ideation During the Pandemic?
Next Steps and Conclusions: Mitigating Suicide Risk
References
39 Population Density and Suicide Risk
Introduction
Population Density and Suicide: What Is the Evidence of a Link?
Has the Relationship Between Population Density and Suicide Changed Over Time?
Are There Differences by Sex?
Are There Age Effects?
Race and Ethnicity
Possible Mediators
Implications for Prevention
Further Research
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Suicide in Different Cultures
40 Suicide in South Asia
Introduction
Epidemiology of Suicide in South Asia: A Brief Overview
Women and Young People as Vulnerable Groups in South Asia
Potential Risk Factors for Suicide in South Asian Women
Gender Inequality and Violence
Poor Marital and Family Relationships
Childlessness
Depressive Disorders
Potential Risk Factors for Suicide in South Asian Youth
Aspirational Disappointments
``Modern´´ Addictions: The Role of Smartphones, Gaming, and Social Media
Bullying
Alcohol and Drug Use
Suicide Prevention
Crisis Helplines
Suicide Intervention Studies
National Suicide Prevention Strategy
Future Directions
Summary
References
41 Cultural Considerations in Suicide Research and Practice
Introduction
Updated Suicide Statistics and Influence of Culture
Suicide: A Major Public Health Concern
Ethnic and Racial Suicide Statistics Through the Lens of a US Versus International Comparison
Suicide Through a Culturally Informed Lens: What Are the Issues?
The Murky Waters of Epidemiology Rates
Misclassification of Death
Misidentification of Cultural Identity
Differentiating Between Types of Suicide
Psychiatric Versus Nonpsychiatric Suicide
Gaps in Culturally Responsive Suicide Training
Impact of Training Gaps
Culturally Responsive Suicide Prevention Practice
Traditional Models of Suicide and Cultural Responsivity
Cognitive/Cognitive Behavioral Models
Psychodynamic Models
Interpersonal Models
Limitations of Traditional Models
Population Norms
``Classic´´ Versus Cultural Factors
Language Availability
The Cultural Theory and Model of Suicide
Updates
The Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS)
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
42 The Roles of Culture, Race, and Ethnicity in Suicide
Introduction
Evidence for the Link Between Suicidality and SES
Demographic Moderators of the Link Between Suicidality and SES
Possible Mediators of Suicidality and SES Relation
Suicide among Racial and Ethnic Groups
White Americans
Black/African American
Asian Americans
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
American Indian/Alaska Native
Suicidality and the Latinx Community
Demographics
Sociocultural Factors
Culturally Competent Suicide Assessment and Intervention
Cultural Meanings of Suicide
Frequency of Suicidal Ideation across Cultural Groups
Method of Facilitating Suicide
Risk and Protective Factors
Reporting of Suicide and Help-Seeking Behavior
Summary and Conclusions
References
43 Suicide Among Indigenous Populations Within the United States
Background
Current Issues
Suicide Within Indian Country
Risk Factors
Protective Factors
Clinical Implications
Cultural-Driven Initiatives
Cultural Competency and Cultural Humility
Youth
Ethics
Discussion
References
44 Cultural Adaptation for Suicide Prevention
Cultural Adaptation for Suicide Prevention
References
45 Culturally Adaptive Suicide Assessment Utilizing Resilience and Reasons For Living
Introduction
Culturally Adaptive Suicide Assessment
Overview of the Conventional Suicide Assessment
Commonly Used Suicide Risk Assessments
Limitations of Conventional Suicide Assessment
Cultural Understanding of Suicide Risk
Cultural Adaptation Defined
Hidden Ideation
Cultural Risk Factors
Cultural Protective Factors
Suicide Assessments That Formally Consider Cultural Identity
Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS) Measure
Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS)
Resilience
Defining Resilience
Related Concepts
Theoretical Foundations
Reasons for Living
Background
Reasons for Living and Suicide Assessment
Reasons for Living and Cultural Identity
Resilience and Reasons for Living as a Framework for Cultural Suicide Assessment
Internal Sources of Resilience
Moral Objections
External Sources of Resilience
Responsibility to Family
Fear of Social Disapproval
Closing
References
46 Sexual Minority Suicide
Rates of Suicidality
Intersectionality
Ethnic Minorities
Gender
Sexual Minority Youth
Religion/Spirituality
Understanding the Why of Sexual Minority Suicidality: Explanatory Frameworks
The Minority Stress Model [49]
The Psychiatric Model of Suicide [47]
The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide [38]
The Cultural Theory and Model of Suicide [8]
Adapting Clinical Practice: Integrated Affirmative Therapy
Assessing Sexual Minority Suicide Risk
Managing Sexual Minority Suicide Risk (Safety Planning)
Long-Term Treatment of Sexual Minority Suicide Risk
Case Study: ``James´´
Implications for Policy and Public Health
Conclusion
References
47 Understanding Suicide Among Gender Minorities
Introduction
Gender Identity Development
Suicide Theories
Prevalence Rates
Risk Factors
Veterans and Suicide
Disparities and Risk Factors
Implications for Clinicians
Conclusion
References
48 Voices from the Black Rainbow: The Inclusion of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBQTI Sistergirl and Brotherboys...
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Survey Aim and Method
Strengths
Limitations
Number of Respondents
Identity
Age
Gender Identity
Sexuality
Location
Environment
Suicide
Help Seeking
Workshop
Social and Emotional Well-Being (SEWB)
Discussion
Outcomes
Intersectionality
Conclusions
Future Directions
Appendices: The Survey
Echoes of the Forgotten Mob - Indigenous LGBQTI Voices in Suicide Prevention Survey
References
49 Prevention of Suicide in Latin America
Introduction
Mental Illness and Suicide in Latin America
Suicide Epidemiology in Latin America
Mental Health Plans and Programs in Latin America
National Suicide Prevention Programs in Latin America
Conclusion
References
50 Psychological First Aid in Suicide Crises
Introduction
What Is PFA
Scope of PFA
Goals of PFA
Rationale of PFA
Suicide Crises and PFA
Training in PFA
Effectiveness of PFA
PFA for First Responders and Frontliners
Ethical Concerns
Conclusions
References
51 Community-Based Interventions in Suicide Prevention
Introduction
Persisting Patterns
Controversies Over Definitions
Multifactorial Etiology
Suicide and Social Exclusion
Suicide and Anomie
Suicide and Ageism
Beskow´s Contributions
The Concept of Security
Suicide Prevention and Safe Communities
Community Interventions to Repair Societies
Injury and Intent
Suicide Prevention Interventions Within the Framework of Safe Communities
Levels of Attention and Levels of Prevention: Two Different Concepts
The Role of the Media
Toward a Comprehensive Model of Suicide Prevention
Identify Populations and Individuals at Risk and Provide Better Life Opportunities
Lonely and Socially Excluded Elderly
Adolescents: Behavioral Changes and Substance Abuse
COVID-19 Pandemic and Communities at Risk
Suicide in Physicians: A Silent Epidemic?
Suicide Prevention: Medical Approach
Improve Epidemiological Surveillance Systems
Suicide Prevention in the Secure Communities Model
Before the Suicide Episode
During the Suicide Episode
After the Suicide Episode
Community Interventions
Conclusions and Proposals
References
52 Suicide Prevention for Underserved Populations and Community Mental Health
Introduction
Suicide and Ethno-Cultural Minorities
Suicide Rates
Shared Challenges
Acculturation
Seeking Help
Suicide Prevention
Suicide and Gender and Sexual Minorities
Parental Relationships
Peer Relationships During Adolescence
The Influence of Educational Systems
Culturally Adapted Treatment Considerations for Community Mental Health
Client-Therapist Cultural Matching
Cultural Competency
Role of Community Mental Health in Suicide Prevention Among Cultural Minority Groups: Promises, Challenges, and Recommendations
Challenges and Recommendations
Gatekeeper Training and Community Awareness Programs
Recommendations
Community-Based Participation
Recommendation
Training Community Health Professionals
Recommendations
Research, Program Evaluation, and Funding
Recommendations
Linkages Between Systems of Care
Recommendation
Cultural Appropriateness and Diversity Orientation
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
53 Suicidal Self-Burning in Women and Men Around the World: A Cultural and Gender Analysis of Patterns and Explanations
Introduction
Terminology
Quality of the Data
Cultural Context, Patterns, and Explanations of Suicidal Self Burning in Countries Where Women Have Higher Rates of Suicidal S...
Iran
Iraq
Afghanistan
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
India
Sri Lanka
Africa
Cultural Context, Patterns, and Explanations of Suicidal Self-Burning in Countries Where Men Have Higher Rates of Suicidal Sel...
China
Vietnam
Africa
Eastern Europe
Discussion
A Gender Lens on Similarities and Differences in Patterns and Explanations of Women´s and Men´s Suicidal Self-Burning Across C...
Implications of a Gender Lens for Theory, Research, and the Prevention of Women´s and Men´s Suicidal Self-Burning Across Cultu...
Progress in Theory, Research, and the Prevention of Women´s Suicidal Self-Burning Across Cultures Requires More Attention to S...
Progress in Theory, Research, and the Prevention of Men´s Suicidal Self-Burning Across Cultures Requires More Attention to Psy...
Conclusions
References
54 The Crises in Suicide Among Members of the Military Special Operations Community
Military
Special Forces
Psychological Training
Suicide
Risk Factors
Stigma
Protective Factors
Resilience
Hardiness and Mental Toughness
Interventions/Future Directions
Conclusion
References
55 Suicide in Jails and Prisons
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Characteristics of the Phenomenon
Prevention
Training of Prison Staff
Screening Procedures and Patient Observation
Communication Between Staff Members
Creation of a Positive Prison Environment
Connections with Mental Health Services
In Cases of Attempted Suicide
Debriefing
Conclusions
References
Part V: Treatments and Preventive Actions
56 Bridging the Global Mental Health Gap
Introduction
Main Text
Global Efforts to Bridge the Mental Health Gap
Suicide
Global Suicide Prevention Efforts
National Strategies
Interventions with Strong Evidence
Interventions with Weak Evidence
Interventions with Insufficient Evidence
Summary
References
57 Suicide Prevention in Emergency Department Settings
Introduction
Epidemiology
Prevalence of Suicide Behaviors Based on ED Data
Methods of Suicide Attempts as Reported in ED Data
Psychiatric Disorders Among Those Who Attempt Suicide
Interventions
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in the ED Setting
ACTION-J Study
Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP) Study
Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-up Evaluation (ED-SAFE) Study
ED-SAFE 2
US National Survey in EDs
Pediatrics and Adolescent Population
Prevalence
Screening Tool: Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ)
The Suicidal Teens Accessing Treatment After an Emergency Department Visit (STAT-ED) Study
Conclusion
References
58 Suicide Prevention Education for Health Care Providers: Challenges and Opportunities
Introduction
The Role of Health Care Providers in Suicide Prevention
Barriers to Increasing Health Care Providers´ Capacity for Suicide Prevention
Overview of Trainings for Health Care Providers on Suicide Prevention
Strengths and Limitations of Different Educational Approaches
Recommendations for Strengthening Provider Education on Suicide Prevention
Conclusions
References
59 Nursing Care of the Suicidal Patient
Introduction
Nursing and Caring
The View of the Human Being
The Vulnerable Human Being
The View of Health
Health and Suffering
The View of Environment
Safer Supportive Environments
Documentation and Communication
The View of Caring
The Caring Approach and the Caring Relationship
Sympathy-Expressing Nursing
Acceptance Establishing Nursing
Understanding-Acquiring Nursing
Competence-Manifesting Nursing
Barriers for Rapport
Structures for Caring Approaches
Brief Admission
Support to Nurses
Developing Caring Competence
Postvention
Widening the Perspectives
References
60 Psychological Treatment of Suicidal Individuals
Introduction
Psychodynamic Therapies Have Developed in Significant Ways over the Past 120 Plus Years
Historical Background
Psychodynamic Therapies Are Now Delivered in Different Ways
Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) for Adults and Adolescents
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)
Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for Borderline Personality Disorder
Survey and Discussion of the Evidence Base for the Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Suicidal P...
Clinical Contributions
Empathic Engagement of the Suicidal Patient´s Internal Subjective Experience
The Emotional Dynamics of the Therapeutic Relationship
Active Stance
Therapeutic Alliance
Sustaining Hope: The Role of Hopelessness
Conclusion
References
61 Treatment of Suicidal Behavior for Inpatients
Introduction
Indication for Admission
Involvement of Carers
Open or Locked Ward?
Voluntary or Detained?
Restrictions of Liberty
Rescinding of Detentions
Characteristics of Suicidal Patients in an Inpatient Unit
Treatment on Admission
Phased Treatment and Safety Plan on Acute Ward
Application of Phased Treatment and Safety Plan
Discharge
Characteristics of Suicides in Mental Health
When to Admit and When Not to Admit
Intensive Home Treatments
Finally
References
62 Anti-suicidal Properties of Lithium Treatment
Introduction
Lithium´s Suicide Preventive Effect: More than 20 Years of Evidence
Observational Studies and RCTs in Patients with Mood Disorders
Ecological Studies
Other Studies
Possible Mechanism
Practical Aspects
Indications and Contraindications
Initiating Lithium
Lithium Level and Monitoring
Side Effects
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
63 Pharmacological Treatment of Suicidality in Affective and Psychotic Disorders
Introduction
Pharmacological Crisis Intervention
Pharmacological Long-Term Treatment
Empirical Studies on the Anti-suicidal Effect of Antidepressants and Neuroleptics
Antidepressants
Functions of Antidepressants (Ads)
Possible Side Effects of Ads ([44]*)
Studies on the Anti-suicidal Effectiveness of Antidepressants, Neuroleptics, Tranquillizers, Ketamine, and Electroconvulsive T...
Studies on Anti-suicidal Effectiveness of Antidepressants
Studies for Anti-suicidal Effectiveness of Lithium and Mood Stabilizer
Studies on Anti-suicidal Efficiency of Neuroleptics in Psychotic Disorders
Studies on the Promotion of Suicidality by Antidepressants
Antidepressants and Suicidality in Adolescents and Young Adults
Antidepressants and Suicidality in Psychiatric Clinics
Suicides and Suicide Attempts at the Beginning of Treatment
Suicides and Suicide Attempts During Long-Term Treatment with Antidepressants
Summary
Recommendations
Pharmacotherapy of Suicidality in Psychotic and Depressive Disorders
Acute Treatment [8]
Long-Term Treatment [56]
EBM Criteria
Evidence Criteria of the Abovementioned Pharmacological Studies [8, 9]
Evidence Criteria of the International Guidelines
Lithium
Mood Stabilizers
Antidepressants
Neuroleptics
References
64 Psychotherapy for Suicide Prevention
Introduction
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention
Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention
Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention
Problem Solving Therapy
Problem Adaptation Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapies
Mentalization-Based Treatment
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
Attachment-Based Family Therapy
Third Generation Therapies
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Schema-Focused Therapy
Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Other Treatments
Complicated Grief Therapy
Brief Interventions
Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality
Teachable Moment Brief Intervention
Motivational Interviewing
Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program
Internet-Based Interventions
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
65 Community Prevention: Improving Suicide Prevention Through the Creation of Local Suicide Prevention Action Networks
Introduction
Community Prevention
Single Prevention Interventions Have Only Small Effects
Multilevel Approaches to Prevent Suicide
Multilevel Approach in the Netherlands: SUPRANET Community
Level 1: The Public Awareness Campaign
Level 2: Training Local Gatekeepers
Level 3: Targeting High-Risk Groups
Level 4: Support of Professionals in the General Practice
Evaluation of SUPRANET Community
Evaluation 1: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Design Studying Attitudinal Changes in the General Public in SUPRANET Regions Compare...
Evaluation 2: A Qualitative Study Providing Insights on How Primary Care Professionals (PCPs) Evaluate the SUPRANET Interventi...
Conclusion
References
66 Assessment of Infrastructure Relating to Suicide Prevention
Introduction
Definitions of Infrastructure Supporting Prevention
Example Infrastructure Assessments for State-Level Systems
Impacts of the 2013 Infrastructure Survey
2020 Follow-Up Infrastructure Assessment
Challenges for Assessing State-Level Infrastructure
Conclusions
References
67 The Evolution of Charcoal Burning Suicides in Hong Kong, 1997-2018
Introduction
Methods
Data Source and Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Results
Trends of Charcoal Burning Suicide in Hong Kong, 1997-2018
Characteristics of the Charcoal Burning Users, 2002-2017
Discussion
References
68 The Police Negotiation Cadre of the Hong Kong Police
Introduction
The Police Negotiation Cadre of the Hong Kong Police
Crisis Intervention in Theory
The Revised Behavioral Influence Stairway Model (BISM-2) in Crisis Negotiation
The Revised Behavioral Influence Stairway Model (BISM-2)
Stage 1: Core Active Listening Skills
Supplemental Listening Skills
Stage 2: Empathy
Stage 3: Rapport-Trust
Stage 4: Influence
Stage 5: Behavioral Change
Special Considerations During Suicide Crisis Negotiations
Uniqueness About Crisis Negotiation with Suicides-by-Jumping
A Real Case Study in Hong Kong
The Sad News and the Need for Post-Crisis Suicide Prevention Work
Conclusion
References
69 Suicidal Behavior from a Complex System Perspective: Individual, Dynamical, and Contextual
Introduction
Times Are Changing
Complex Systems Are Everywhere
Both a Symptom and the Result of the Interaction of Symptoms
Vulnerability for Psychopathology as the Result of Network Structure
The Role of the Most Central Symptom
Using Networks to Test Theory
Ecological Momentary Data
Suddenly or Gradually? The Move from Networks to Complexity
Critical Transitions
Context
Bringing It All Together
References
70 Military Suicide: Theoretical Understandings and Responses
Military Suicide: Theoretical Understandings and Responses
Brief History of Suicide in the Military
Theories and Understandings of Suicide in the Military
Programmatic Resolutions
DoD Approaches
Branch Differences
Army
Marines
Air Force
Navy
Other Initiatives
General Feedback
The Use of Community Resources by Service Members
Community Service Organizations for Service Members and Their Families
Military OneSource
Give an Hour
Fisher House Foundation
Operation Care and Comfort and Operation Gratitude
Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS)
Recommendations and Considerations
Conclusion
References
71 The Role of Social Workers in Suicide Prevention Among Military Veterans
Introduction
Suicide Is a Social and Medical Problem
Suicide Among Military Veterans
The Role of Social Workers in Mental Healthcare Including Suicide Prevention
Social Work Labor Force
Social Work Education
Evidence-Based Practice in Mental Health Including Suicide Prevention
Education on Military Veterans
Social Work Research
Mental Health Studies Including Research on Suicide
Research on Military Veterans
The Role of Social Workers in Mental Healthcare
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
Psychotherapy for Mental Disorders
Social Workers and Suicidal Persons
Social Workers´ Involvement in Mental Healthcare and Psychosocial Help with Military Veterans
Social Workers Provide Psychotherapy to Military Veterans
Social Workers Provide Psychosocial Help and Reduce Suicidality in Military Veterans
Care Coordination and Case Management
Housing Assistance
Vocational Rehabilitation and Job Placement
Legal Assistance
Family Services
Social Work with Elderly Veterans
Social Workers and Suicide Prevention Among Military Veterans
Social Workers and Acutely Suicidal Veterans
Social Workers Can Provide Psychotherapy to Suicidal Veterans
Gatekeepers
Postvention
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
72 Access to Lethal Means, Firearms, and Suicide
Suicide and Firearm Prevalence
Lethal Means Restriction
Lethal Means Restriction and Suicide
Lethal Means Restrictions and the Practicing Clinician
Recommendations for the Practicing Clinician
References
73 Suicide Terrorism
Types of Suicide Terrorism
Lone-Wolf Terrorism
Mass Shooters and Rampage Shooter
Cults
Suicide Bombers
Recruiting
Motivation and Factors Contributing to Radicalization
Psychological Factors
Plans for Deradicalization
Conclusion
References
74 Differences in Suicide Risk Assessment and Management Between Mental Health Professions
Suicidal Acts and Deaths
A Possible Classification System for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behavior
Suicide Statistics
Recommendations
Assessments for Risk of Suicide
How Different Settings Approach Suicide Management
Hospital
Inpatient/Outpatient
Correctional
Community Settings
Influence Training Has on Suicide Risk Assessment and Management
The Standardization of Suicide Assessment Tools
Conclusion
References
75 Inpatient Versus Outpatient Management of Suicide Risk: Clinical and Ethical Considerations
Standards of Outpatient Care
Standards of Inpatient Care
Identifying Risk Factors to Inform Treatment Decisions
Determining Imminent Risk
Medical and Psychosocial Risk Factors
Psychiatric and Medical History
Proximal Risk Factors
Psychosocial and Environmental Factors
Clinician Factors that May Influence Decision-Making
Ethical Considerations
Conclusions
References
76 Current Innovations in Suicide Prevention Among Military Veterans
Introduction
History and Development
Current Innovations
The VA and DoD
Other Organizations and Initiatives
Clinical Approaches
Assessment
Treatment
Considerations for Future Research: Veterans with Intersectional Identities
Ethno-cultural Minorities
Gender and Sexual Minorities
The Need for Cultural Consideration
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Survivors
77 Bereavement by Suicide Among Family Members
Introduction
The Aftermath of Suicide
Case Description
Family History of Suicide
Case description
Limitations
Conclusions
References
78 #Not6: Expanding the Scope of Suicide Exposure
Historical Context
Difficulties Associated with Suicide Loss
The Continuum Model of Suicide Exposure
Correlates of Exposure
Exposure in Specific Groups
Veterans
Gender and Sexual Minority Adults
Children
Occupational Exposure
Why Not 6?
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Legal Issues
79 Accountability and Malpractice in Suicidality
Introduction
Accountability in Suicide
The ``Suicidal Trajectory´´
The Need for the Diagnostic Entity ``Suicidal Behavior Disorder´´ and Its Contribution in Defining an Accountability Framework
The Negligence of Addressing Suicidal Behavior As a Public Health Issue
Proposals
Mental Health Services
The Role of the Suicidal Patient´s Family and Familiar Persons
Up-to-Date Surveillance and Data Availability
Interventions for the Prevention of Suicides in Inpatient Settings
Addressing Suicidal Behaviors with Specific Target Groups (e.g., Prisoners and Security Forces)
The Role of the Media
Early Life Mental Health Education
Addressing the Stigma in the Society and in Mental Health Services
Hotspots and the Role of Local Government Authorities
The Lack of National Suicide Prevention Strategies, a Barrier to Suicide Prevention
Conclusions
References
80 Ethical and Legal Frameworks in the Suicidology Field
Introduction
Bioethics of Suicidology
Why Is It Relevant to Think About the Bioethics of Suicide?
Legal Aspects for Consideration
Suicidology Legal Frameworks in Argentina
Mental Health National Law: Law No. 26657
National Law for the Prevention of Suicide. Law No. 27130
Proposals
References
81 Psychopathy and Suicide: A Reexamination of Cleckley´s Criterion
Defining Psychopathy
Clinical Origins
Current Research
Suicide: Theory and Research
Contemporary Models of Suicide
Suicide and Psychopathy
An Integrative Approach to Psychopathy and Suicide
Combining Contemporary Models of Suicide and Psychopathy
Implications
Discussion
Cross-References
References
Index