دانلود کتاب Surfactants in Agrochemicals

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Content: Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
1: General Introduction
2: Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Solutions
I. General Classification of Surface Active Agents
II. Properties of Solutions of Surface Active Agents
III. Thermodynamics of Micellization
A. Kinetic Aspects
B. Equilibrium Aspects: Thermodynamic Treatment of Micellization
C. Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellization
D. Driving Force for Micelle Formation
3: Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymers at the Air/Liquid, Liquid/Liquid, and Solid/Liquid Interfaces I. Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid InterfaceA. The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
B. Equation of State Approach
Il. Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymers at the Solid/Liquid Interface
A. Surfactant Adsorption at the Solid/Liquid In terface
B. Polymer Adsorption
4: Emulsiflable Concentrates
l. General Guidelines for Formutation of Emulsifiable Concentrates
Il. Spontaneity of Emulsification
III. Fundamental Investigations on a Modet Emulsifiable Concentrate
5: Emulsions
l. Introduction
II. Formation of Emulsions
III. Selection of Emulsifiers A. The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic (HLB) ConceptB. The Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Concept
C. The Cohesive Energy Ratio Concept
IV. Emulsion Stability
A. Creaming and sedimentation
B. Flocculation of Emulsions
C. Ostwald Ripening
D. Emulsion Coalescence
E. Phase Inversion
V. Characterization of Emulsions and Assessment of Their Long-Term Physical Stability
A. Interfacial Properties
B. Interfacial Rheology
6: Suspension Concentrates
l. Introduction
Il. Preparation of Suspension Concentrates and the Role of Surfactants
A. Wetting of the Agrochemical Powder B. Dispersion and MillingIII. Control of the Physical Stability of Suspension Concentrates
A. Stability Against Aggregation
B. Ostwald Ripening (Crystal Growth)
C. Stability Against Claying or Caking
IV. Assessment of the Long-Term Physical Stability of Suspension Concentrates
A. Double-Layer Investigation
B. Surfactant and Polymer Adsorption
C. Assessment of the State of the Dispersion
D. Rheological Measurements
7: Microemulsions
I. Introduction
Il. Basic Principles of Microemulsion Formation and Thermodynamic stability III. Factors Determining w/o vs. o/w Microemulsion FormationIV. Selection of Surfactants for Microemulsion Formutation
V. Characterization of Microemulsions
A. Conductivity Measurements
B. Light Scattering Measurements
VI. Role of Microemulsions in Enhancement of BiologicaJ Efficacy
8: Role of Surfactants in the Transfer and Performance of Agrochemicals
l. Introduction
II. Interactions at the Solution InteTface and Their Effect on Droplet Formation
III. Impaction and Adhesion
IV. Droplet Sliding and Spray Retention
V. Wetting and Spreading