دانلود کتاب Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity: lessons from Cuba

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Cover......Page 1
Semi Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Figures......Page 8
Tables......Page 9
Boxes......Page 10
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 12
Acronyms and names of Cuban institutions......Page 14
Non-Cuban acronyms......Page 16
Petroleum-based food systems and food security......Page 18
The Cuban food system in crisis......Page 19
The reported response to the crisis......Page 22
A snapshot of the Cuban experience in the 1990s......Page 23
Notes......Page 24
References......Page 25
The inevitable decline in fossil fuels and transition to alternatives......Page 28
Petroleum-dependent agriculture and food systems......Page 29
Business as usual or creative rvolution?......Page 31
Evidence of the ineffectiveness of the industrial farming and food system......Page 32
Degradation of the human resource base......Page 33
An ineffective food system......Page 35
The static state of agricultural development......Page 38
Transition and change to a post-petroleum farming and food system......Page 39
Characteristics of a post-petroleum food and farming system: localized and organic......Page 40
Policy and institutional mechanisms to support local and organic food systems......Page 43
Facilitating change to localized systems......Page 45
Notes......Page 46
References......Page 49
Research perspectives......Page 60
Places and people in the field......Page 61
Red threads affecting the research process......Page 62
References......Page 65
The agro-geography of Cuba......Page 66
Colonial food production......Page 69
Agrarian reform......Page 70
Political and productive specialization......Page 72
The further industrialization of Cuban agriculture......Page 73
Credit and Service Cooperative, CCS (Co-operative de Credito y Servico)......Page 77
Independent farmers (campesinos independientes, parceleros)......Page 78
The ration system and planned production......Page 79
The parallel and campesino maklets......Page 80
Dependency on food imports at the end of the 1980s......Page 81
Food consumption and health......Page 82
Signs of change at the end of the 1980s......Page 83
The crisis......Page 85
Economic and agricultural decline......Page 86
Summary......Page 89
Notes......Page 90
References......Page 91
Life after the crisis......Page 98
Successful state backing......Page 99
Parcel plots......Page 101
Production targets......Page 102
The use of agrochemicals in urban agriculture......Page 103
Organic production strategies......Page 104
Institutional support for urban agriculture......Page 105
Impact on food security......Page 107
References......Page 108
Overall food prioritisation......Page 110
Economic policy impacts on food strategies......Page 111
Easing of population growth......Page 112
Humanitarian development aid and political agendas......Page 113
The National Nutritional Action Plan......Page 114
Improving rural agricultural conditions......Page 116
Main production achievements......Page 117
Import, export and investment strategies......Page 120
The food distribution network......Page 122
Orientation towards provincial and local self-reliance......Page 123
The Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN)......Page 125
Improving the efficiency of state food collection......Page 126
The early reinstatement of the parallel market......Page 127
Partial liberalization of agricultural markets......Page 128
Creation of \'free\' farmers\' markets and private food businesses......Page 129
The resulting range of marketing options for farmers......Page 131
Subsequent trends and challenges to the food system......Page 132
The resultant food system at the national and municipal levels......Page 134
Household food security coping strategies......Page 137
Policy on food adequacy in relation to agriculture......Page 140
Institutional responsibilities and post-crisis changes in health research......Page 141
Changes in dietary habits and the return of \'Western\' disease......Page 142
Trends in food safety and health concerns......Page 145
Notes......Page 146
References......Page 147
The status of imported farm inputs in the 1990s......Page 152
Substitution with organic production techniques and system innovations......Page 153
Adapting agricultural education, training and support......Page 154
The dismantling of large-scale farms......Page 155
Changes in farm structures......Page 156
\'Linking man to the land\' (vinculacion del hombre al area)......Page 157
Changes in farm-gate prices and markets......Page 158
The reality of agrochemical application......Page 159
More important than agrochemicals: fuel shortages and adequate germplasm......Page 161
The extent of use of organic techniques and resulting land use patterns......Page 162
Pest and disease control coping strategies......Page 163
Traction coping strategies......Page 164
Changing land use patterns......Page 165
Farmers\' preferred future production strategies......Page 166
Farmer knowledge levels and technical assistance......Page 168
Changes in overall management strategies......Page 172
Impacts of cooperativization and its support......Page 173
Changes in production costs, yields and incomes......Page 175
More diverse and flexible marketing arrangements......Page 177
On-farm food sef-provisioning......Page 179
The significance of continued petrol and agrochemical use......Page 181
References......Page 182
Wider influences on change......Page 186
The policy dilemma: increased yields or longer-term sustainability?......Page 187
Shortages of resources......Page 189
Institutional and individual coping strategies......Page 190
Partial decentralization and streamlining......Page 191
Attempts at integrated support for farmers......Page 194
Integrated input recommendations......Page 195
Provincial and municipal recycling and production of bio-fertilizers......Page 197
The vanguard transfer of eco-technology......Page 198
Attempts at changing the top-down research and extension approach......Page 199
Recognition of campesino production......Page 204
Institutional perspectives on the Special Period......Page 205
The belated development of certified organic agriculture......Page 206
The concurrent growth of the biotechnology industry......Page 209
The emerging components of a new type of agricultural system......Page 210
References......Page 211
Driving forces behind current levels of agricultural sustainability......Page 214
The agricultural sector in transition......Page 215
The Cuban interpretation of organic agriculture......Page 216
Farmers\' experiential evidence on the performance of organic agriculture......Page 218
Scientific evidence on the performance of organic agriculture......Page 219
Future trajectories......Page 221
Influence of organic production on food availability......Page 222
Factors affecting scaling up......Page 223
The need to increase ecological literacy......Page 225
The need to support innovation and experimentation......Page 230
Increasing the availability of, and access to, appropriate resources and technology......Page 232
Environmental legislation > agricultural legislation......Page 234
Quantity incentive > quality incentive......Page 235
Social recognition of the need for change......Page 236
Potential driving forces for the scaling-up of organic agriculture......Page 237
Notes......Page 238
References......Page 239
Cuba\'s successes: a united social front......Page 242
Cuba\'s challenges: the health imperative......Page 245
Trends in fuel and food imports......Page 247
Trends in domestic environment and energy investment......Page 248
Trends in domestic agriculture and food supplies......Page 249
A new wave of reforms at the end of the 2000s......Page 251
Urban vs rural agriculture......Page 252
Underlying challenges to implementing widespread organic systems......Page 253
Degrees of learning and transition......Page 254
Future directions: the need for knowledge and intent......Page 255
Implications of the Cuban experience for global agriculture and food security......Page 256
References......Page 257
Appendix A: Extent of Organic Techniques by Farmers Surveyed......Page 260
Appendix B: Agriculture and Food Related Institutions in the Early 1990s......Page 262
B......Page 268
C......Page 269
D......Page 270
F......Page 271
I......Page 272
M......Page 273
O......Page 274
R......Page 275
T......Page 276
V......Page 277
Y......Page 278