دانلود کتاب Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity

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Cover
Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Introduction
1. Information Theory and the Thermodynamic Efficiency of Biological Sorting Systems: Case Studies of the Kidney and of Mitoch ...
Introduction
A Summary of the Working of the Kidney
The Paradox of the Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Kidney
Maxwell\'s Demon, Its Exorcism, and the Entropic and Energetic Cost of Sorting
The Kidney as a Maxwell\'s Demon
Mitochondrial Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate (ATP)-Synthase as a Maxwell\'s Demon
Closing Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
2. Roles of AMP, ADP, ATP, and AMPK in Healthy Energy Boosting and Prolonged Life Span
Introduction
Adenosine Monophosphate/5′-Adenylic Acid
Adenosine Diphosphate/Adenosine Pyrophosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
Cell Signaling
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin/FK506-Binding Protein 12-Rapamycin-Associated Protein 1
Role of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Widely Studied Diseases
Autophagy
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (Unfolded Protein Response)
Mitochondrial Stress
Existing Energy Boosters
Energy Boosting in Clinical Medication and Their Mechanisms
Possibilities of Other Medicinal Herbals in Ayurveda
Advanced Research Strategies for Developing Healthy Energy Boosters
Acknowledgments
References
3. An Overview of Nitrite and Nitrate: New Paradigm of Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Biochemistry and Physiology
Endothelial Dysfunction and Loss of NO Production
l-Arginine Supplementation
Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway
Summary
References
4. An Overview on Nitric Oxide and Energy Metabolism
Introduction
Biochemistry of Nitric Oxide
Regulation of Mitochondrial Respiration
Direct Effects of Nitric Oxide on Mitochondrial Respiration
Indirect Effect of Nitric Oxide on Mitochondrial Respiration
Nitric Oxide Regulates Energy Metabolism and Body Composition
Nitric Oxide and Oxygen Consumption in Association With Physical Activity and Fitness
Nitric Oxide Governs Metabolism of the Proximate Principles of Food
Conclusion
References
5. Antioxidants and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Introduction
Experimental Studies
Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Cancer
Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body Theranostics
Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body Formation in Zika Virus and Other Diseases
Personalized Nanotheranostics
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Zika Virus Disease
Autophagy Versus Charnolophagy
Phagolysosome Versus Charnolophagosome
Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body and Charnolophagy
Metallothioneins Provide Mitochondrial Neuroprotection
Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
Significance of Charnolopharmacotherapy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
6. Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fats: Energy Metabolism
Introduction
Carbohydrates
Sugar in Foods
Sugar in Drinks
Specific Dynamic Action of Carbohydrates
Glycemic Index
Obesity and Carbohydrates
Protein
Protein–Energy Malnutrition
Lipids
Fat and Energy in the Diet and Obesity
Dietary Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis/Specific Dynamic Action
Energy Metabolism and Obesity
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Section 2: Botanicals and Herbal Indgredients and Marine Nutraceuticals
7. Role of Selected Medicinal Plants in Sports Nutrition and Energy Homeostasis
Introduction
Diverse Medicinal Plants
Citrus aurantium
Rhodiola rosea
Schisandra chinensis
Tribulus terrestris
Vitis vinifera
Withania somnifera
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
8. Withania somnifera: Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Functions
Introduction
Chemical Composition
Toxicologic Studies of Withania somnifera
Pharmacokinetic Profile of Withania somnifera
Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera
Anti-Parkinson Effects of Withania somnifera
Anti-Alzheimer Effects of Withania somnifera
Antiischemic and Antihypoxic Effects of Withania somnifera
Cardioprotective Effects of Withania somnifera
Anticancer Effects of Withania somnifera
Antiinflammatory Effects of Withania somnifera
Antimicrobial Effects of Withania somnifera
Antiarthritic Effects of Withania somnifera
Antistress Effects of Withania somnifera
Antidiabetic Effects of Withania somnifera
Aphrodisiac Effects of Withania somnifera
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. An Overview on Tribulus terrestris in Sports Nutrition and Energy Regulation
Introduction
Aphrodisiac Activity
Supplementation in Sport
Contamination and/or Adulteration of Dietary Supplements
Recommendations for Sport Nutrition With Supplements
Risk of Violating Antidoping Rules
References
10. The Use of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for Health Care: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Introduction
Methods
Data Sources
Study Selection
Type of Study
Type of Participants
Type of Intervention
Type of Control Intervention
Type of Outcome Measures
Data Extraction
Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews
Results
Discussion
References
11. An Overview on Rhodiola rosea in Cardiovascular Health, Mood Alleviation, and Energy Metabolism
Introduction/Overview
Active Constituents
Rhodiola rosea and Exercise Performance
Rhodiola rosea Combined With Other Substances
Mechanisms of Action
How to Take
Side Effects
Conclusions and Gap Analysis
References
Further Reading
12. Energy and Health Benefits of Shilajit
Introduction
Chemistry
Safety Studies
Research Studies
Human Studies
Animal Studies
In Vitro Studies
Discussion and Summary
References
13. An Overview on Ginseng and Energy Metabolism
Review
Introduction of Ginseng
Active Chemical Constituents
Ginsenosides/Saponins
Polysaccharides
Polyacetylenes
Alkaloids
Glucosides
Phenolic Acid
Others
Pharmacological Effects
Anticancer Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Lipid-Regulating and Antithrombotic Activities
Immunoregulatory Activity
Wound and Ulcer Healing Activity
Neuroregulation Activity
Health Effects
Antiaging Activity
Antifatigue
Others
Conclusions
References
14. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Ethnobotany and Health Benefits
Effect on Respiratory System
Hepatoprotective Effect
Effect on Cardiovascular System
Immunity Regulation and Antiinflammation Effects
Antitumor Activities
Breast Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Prostate Cancer
Effect on Gastrointestinal Tract
Effect on Endocrine System
Side Effects and Cautions
Conclusion and Perspective
Abbreviations
References
15. An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action
What Are the Needs for Sports Enhancement?
Theoretical Reflections
Animal Model Research
Human Correlates
Metabolic Effects in Humans
Obesity
Normal Males
Athletes
Proven and Potential Toxicities
Would Yohimbine Be Unique in Its Activity for Sports?
Has Yohimbine Been Adequately Studied for Sports?
References
16. Black Ginger Extract Enhances Physical Fitness Performance and Muscular Endurance
Introduction
Mechanisms of Kaempferia parviflora Extract Underlying Increases in Physical Fitness by Kaempferia parviflora Extract
Effects of Kaempferia parviflora Extract on Physical Fitness and Muscular Endurance in Mice
Clinical Trials
Conclusion
References
17. Role of Marine Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Health
Introduction to Angiotensin-I–Converting Enzyme Inhibition
Marine-Derived Angiotensin-I–Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Bioactive Peptides
Chitooligosaccharide Derivatives
Phlorotannins
Fucoxanthin
Concluding Remarks
References
18. Royal Jelly in Medicinal to Functional Energy Drinks
Introduction
Royal Jelly
Chemical Composition
Standardization
Safety
Energy-Enhancing Actions
Antifatigue Effect
Sustainability of Physical Performance
Formulations
Medicinal Energy Drinks
Soft Energy Drinks
Marketing Challenges
Conclusion
References
19. Role of Caffeine in Sports Nutrition
Introduction
An Overview on Caffeine Metabolism
Absorption
Metabolism
Factors Affecting Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Summary of Caffeine Metabolism
Effects of Caffeine on Endurance Performance
Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance
Maximal Strength
Strength Endurance
Effects of Caffeine on Power Performance
Caffeine Ingestion: Source and Dosage
Mechanisms of Action of Caffeine
Side Effects, Health Risks, and Cautions
Summary
References
Further Reading
20. Beneficial Roles of Caffeine in Sports Nutrition and Beverage Formulations
Caffeine: History
Sources and Consumption
Mechanisms of Action
Effects on Performance
Caffeine Responders
Caffeine Habituation
Caffeine Abstinence Period
Timing of Caffeine Administration
Caffeine Dosage
Caffeine Effects and Training Status/Specificity of Training
Summary
References
Section 3: Amino Acids
21. Amino Acids and Energy Metabolism: An Overview
Introduction
Amino Acid Metabolism
Glucogenic Amino Acids and Ketogenic Amino Acids
Catabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
Amino Acids That Produce Pyruvic Acid
Amino Acids That Produce α-Ketoglutaric Acid via Glutamic Acid
Amino Acids That Produce Succinyl Coenzyme A
Amino Acids That Produce Acetyl Coenzyme A or Acetoacetic Acid
Amino Acids That Produce Fumaric Acid
Amino Acids That Produce Oxaloacetate
Control of Body Temperature and Energy Metabolism
Inhibition of Core Temperature Hypothermia and Synthesis of Skeletal Muscle Proteins by Administration of Amino Acids Under ...
Amino Acids That Contribute to the Reduction of Hypothermia
Conclusion
References
22. Branched Chain Amino Acids and Sports Nutrition and Energy Homeostasis
Biological Bases of Branched Chain Amino Acids
Branched Chain Amino Acids and Athletic Performance
Central Fatigue
Muscle Damage and Subjective Perception of Exertion
Anabolic Response in Muscle Recovery
Scientific Opinions and Guidelines of Governing Bodies and Institutions
Effects of Administration of Branched Chain Amino Acids in Different Sports
Practical Applications and Concluding Remarks
References
23. HMB Supplementation: Clinical and Performance-Related Effects and Mechanisms of Action
Introduction
Metabolism
Pharmacokinetics
Clinically Related Effects
Ergogenic-Related Effects
Mechanisms of Action
Increased Sarcolemmal Integrity
Increased Metabolic Efficiency
Upregulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I
Increased Activation of Satellite Cells and Myogenic Factors
Stimulation of Protein Synthesis Through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Activation
Suppression of Proteolysis by Inhibition of Proteolytic Systems
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Section 4: Antioxidants and B-Vitamins
24. Antioxidants and Vitamins: Roles in Cellular Function and Metabolism
Antioxidants
Endogenous Antioxidants
Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin E
Thiol Antioxidant
Nucleotide-Reduced Equivalent Molecules
Other Endogenous Antioxidants
Exogenous Antioxidants
Dietary Polyphenols
Phenolic Acids
Flavonoids
Stilbenes
Lignans
Antioxidant Enzymes
Vitamins
Effects of Antioxidant and Vitamin Supplementation
Oxidative Stress
Reactive Oxygen Species
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Cytochrome P450
Consequences of Antioxidant and Vitamin Deficiency: Oxidative Stress in Cellular System
Oxidative Damage to Lipids
Oxidative Damage to Proteins
Oxidative Damage to Nucleic Acid
Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Aging
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section 5: Design a Novel Beverage Formulation
25. Salient Features for Designing a Functional Beverage Formulation to Boost Energy
Introduction
Designing a Functional Energy Beverage
Energy Beverage Formulations
Additives, Thickeners, Soluble Dietary Fiber, and Carbohydrates
Energy Formulations and Future Trends
Conclusion
References
Section 6: Safety and Toxicity
26. Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots: Safety, Efficacy, and Controversy
Introduction
Caffeine\'s Prevalence in Society and the Emergence of CEDS
Pharmacology of Caffeine
Safety of CEDS
Efficacy of CEDS
Controversy
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
27. An Overview on the Constituents and Safety of Energy Beverages
Introduction
Epidemiology
Constituents
Extracardiac Effects
Neurologic
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Endocrine
Psychiatric
Cardiac Effects
Vascular Wall Effects
Endothelial Dysfunction
Aortic Dissection
Hemodynamics
Elevated Blood Pressure
Increased Heart Rate
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Electrical Effects
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Increased Corrected QT Interval
Supraventricular Arrhythmia
Ventricular Arrhythmia
Coronary Disease
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Coronary Artery Spasm
Sudden Cardiac Death
Myocardial Ischemia
Heart Muscle Disease
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Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy
Effects in Specific Populations
Long-Term Effects
Conclusions
References
28. Interactions of Commonly Used Prescription Drugs With Food and Beverages
Introduction
Taking Medications on a Full or Empty Stomach
Food–Drug Interactions
Effects of Calcium on Antibiotics and Other Medications
Soy-Containing Products and Anticoagulants
Garlic and Anticoagulants and Protease Inhibitors
Effects of Foods Containing Vitamin K on Warfarin Anticoagulation
Effects of Ginger on Warfarin Anticoagulation
Effects of Caffeine on Drug Metabolism
Effects of Tyramine on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Therapy
Drug–Beverage Interactions
Effects of Acidic Beverages on Drug Absorption
Effects of Citrus Juice on Drug Metabolism
Effects of Alcohol on Drug Metabolism and Efficacy
Effects of Cranberry on Drug Metabolism
Green Tea Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
Conclusion
References
Section 7: Commentary and Future Directions
Novel Energy Beverage Formulations: Efficacious, Healthy, and Safe
References
Energy: A High School Student\'s Perspective: Fossil Fuel to Renewables
Fossil Fuel to Renewables
Index
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