دانلود کتاب Templar Communities in Medieval Champagne: Local Perspectives on a Global Organization

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The Templars were an organization of hybrid monk-knights founded after the First Crusade to protect pilgrims and fight Muslims in the Holy Land. They became powerful landowners in all of Europe and maintained their wealth until their abrupt arrests and eventual dissolution in the early fourteenth century. This dissertation combines a cultural history of Templar documentary practices with a social history of the Templar houses' patronage networks and devotional and economic communities in the region of Champagne between 1128 and 1312. It examines the economic presence and social significance of the local houses and properties through the use of their landed records. Based on over one thousand documents, primarily charters, associated with the Templars from the commanderies in the region of Champagne, the dissertation studies the cultural meaning of documentary production and institutional identity of these local, quasi-monastic affiliations of the larger, global Templar organization. For nearly the first seventy years of their existence, the Templars in Champagne were primarily absentee landlords. Gifts were donated to the organization as a whole aimed at support for the Holy Land. Houses that emerged were not branches of a distant institution, but rather local manifestations of it created from the shear enthusiasm of their donors. Templar central leadership began to intervene in local Western territories around the turn of the thirteenth century through the creation of local Templar officials, or preceptors. Local Templar houses in Champagne remained more a symbolic than logistic support for the crusades. Between 1204 and 1254, Templar commanderies in Champagne became an integral part of the religious and economic landscape. Through fostering a religious space to encourage donation, managing socially and economically valuable property, and consolidating their profitable landed assets, the Templars cultivated largely independent successful houses. Rather than amassing gifts to ship east, they connected themselves to the religious communities, economic markets, and political structures of Champagne. In so doing, the Templars within Champagne emerged as a manifestation of the crusading spirit of the region and a veritable presence of the ideals of the crusades within Western Europe.