دانلود کتاب Terminal classic occupation in the Maya sites located in the area of Triangulo Park, Peten, Guatemala

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Jarosław Źrałka is a researcher and a member of the faculty at the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagieł Ionian University. His specialization is in Mcsoamcrican archaeology with a focus on the ancient Maya. He has participated in archaeological investigations at several Maya sites located in Guatemala (Aguateca, Nakum, Yaxha, Naranjito and El Tigre). Since 2006 he has been one of the directors of the Nakum Archaeological Project investigating the city of Nakum. In 2005 he obtained his Ph.D. at the Department of History of the Jagicllonian University. His dissertation was on the Terminal Classic occupation at the Maya sites located in the area of the Triangulo Park. In 2006 he was awarded a prize from the Prime Minister of Poland tor oustanding doctoral thesis. This book is a compiled and shortened version of his dissertation. The Terminal Classic (dated ca. 9^-10^ centuries AD) was a period of profound changes for the Maya civilisation which developed in the area of southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize as well as western Honduras and Salvador. It is characterised by the collapse and depopulation of the ma jority of cities located in the so-called Southern Maya Lowlands. This book examines the cultural situation during the turbulent Terminal Classic period in the Triangulo National Park which is situated in the north-eastern part of Guatemala. Recent investigations in this area have revealed copious evidence of Terminal Classic occupation at Nakum, Yaxha and many smaller Maya sites. Data presented in this book show that in the 9*h century, while some centres in the Triangulo Park area declined dramatically, many other Maya sites continued to grow culturally and dcmographically, some even experiencing their apogee. Further, analysis of the archaeological data indicates that the Terminal Classic period in the Triangulo Park should be perceived as an era of fundamental political, cultural and economic changes; as a time when the decline of powerful centres such as neighbouring Tikal and Naranjo was accompanied by the rise of Nakum and Yaxha, two new powers that coped with the Terminal Classic crisis in the Maya Lowlands by adjusting to the new economic and political conditions. During the Terminal Classic, while the population of Yaxha remained stable, Nakum continued to grow, experiencing an increase in population, construction activity and a concentration of power. Moreover, these new Terminal Classic "winners" established new economic and political alliances and contacts with Lowland Maya centres that were still growing during the end of the Classic period. As a result, they managed to survive their neighbours by more than 100 years.