دانلود کتاب Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy

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Front cover\nTextbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy\nCopyright page\nAcknowledgments and Dedication\nContributors\nContributors to Past Editions\nReviewers\nPreface\n Purpose and History\n Unique Features\n Distinctive Presentation\n Alternative Modalities, Pathology, and Positioning\n New to This Latest Edition\n Ancillaries\n Workbook\n Evolve Instructor Resources\n Handbook\n Bontrager’s Pocket Handbook\n Mosby’s Radiography Online\nHow to Use the Positioning Pages\nTable of Contents\n1 Terminology, Positioning, and Imaging Principles\n Contents\n Part One: Terminology and Positioning\n General, Systemic, and Skeletal Anatomy and Arthrology\n General Anatomy\n Structural Organization\n Cells\n Tissues\n Organs\n System\n Organism\n Systemic Anatomy\n Body Systems\n Skeletal System\n Circulatory System\n Digestive System\n Respiratory System\n Urinary System\n Reproductive System\n Nervous System\n Muscular System\n Endocrine System\n Integumentary System\n Skeletal Anatomy\n Osteology\n Axial Skeleton\n Appendicular Skeleton\n Sesamoid Bones\n Classification of Bones\n Long Bones\n Composition\n Short Bones\n Flat Bones\n Irregular Bones\n Development of Bones\n Blood Cell Production\n Bone Formation\n Intramembranous ossification\n Endochondral ossification\n Primary and Secondary Centers of Endochondral Ossification\n Radiograph Demonstrating Bone Growth\n Arthrology (Joints)\n Classification of Joints\n Functional\n Structural\n Fibrous Joints\n 1. Syndesmoses*\n 2. Sutures\n 3. Gomphoses\n Cartilaginous Joints\n 1. Symphyses\n 2. Synchondroses\n Synovial Joints\n Movement Types of Synovial Joints\n 1. Plane (gliding) joints\n 2. Ginglymus (hinge) joints\n 3. Trochoid (pivot) joints\n 4. Ellipsoid (condylar) joints\n 5. Sellar (saddle) joints\n 6. Spheroidal (ball and socket) joints\n 7. Bicondylar joints*\n Positioning Terminology\n General Terms\n Radiographic examination or procedure\n Anatomic position\n Viewing radiographs\n Body Planes, Sections, and Lines\n Plane: Straight Line Surface Connecting Two Points\n Sagittal plane\n Coronal plane\n Horizontal (axial) plane\n Oblique plane\n Section: “Cut” or “Slice” Image of Body Part\n Longitudinal sections—sagittal, coronal, and oblique\n Transverse or axial sections (cross-sections)\n Sagittal, coronal, and axial images\n Planes of the Skull\n Base plane of skull\n Occlusal plane\n Body Surfaces and Parts\n Terms for the Back and Front Portions of the Body\n Posterior or dorsal\n Anterior or ventral\n Terms for Surfaces of the Hands and Feet\n Plantar\n Dorsal\n Foot\n Hand\n Palmar\n Radiographic Projections\n Common Projection Terms\n Posteroanterior (PA) projection\n Anteroposterior (AP) projection\n AP oblique projection\n PA oblique projection\n Mediolateral and lateromedial projections\n Body Positions\n General Body Positions\n Specific Body Positions\n Lateral position\n Oblique position\n Left and right posterior oblique (LPO and RPO) positions\n Right and left anterior oblique (RAO and LAO) positions\n Decubitus (decub) position\n Right or left lateral decubitus position—AP or PA projection\n Dorsal decubitus position—left or right lateral\n Ventral decubitus position—right or left lateral\n Additional Special Use Projection Terms\n Axial projection\n Inferosuperior and superoinferior axial projections\n Tangential projection\n Examples\n AP axial projection—lordotic position\n Transthoracic lateral projection (right lateral position)\n Dorsoplantar and plantodorsal projections\n Parietoacanthial and acanthioparietal projections\n Submentovertex (SMV) and verticosubmental (VSM) projections\n Relationship Terms\n Medial versus lateral\n Examples\n Proximal versus distal\n Examples\n Cephalad versus caudad\n Interior (internal, inside) versus exterior (external, outer)\n Superficial versus deep\n Example\n Ipsilateral versus contralateral\n Example\n Terms Related to Movements\n Flexion versus extension\n Hyperextension\n Abnormal hyperextension\n Normal flexion and hyperextension of spine\n Normal hyperextension of wrist\n Acute flexion of wrist\n Ulnar deviation versus radial deviation of wrist\n Dorsiflexion versus plantar flexion of foot\n Dorsiflexion of foot\n Plantar flexion of foot\n Eversion versus inversion\n Valgus versus varus\n Medial (internal) rotation versus lateral (external) rotation\n Abduction versus adduction\n Supination versus pronation\n Protraction versus retraction\n Example\n Elevation versus depression\n Example\n Circumduction\n Rotation versus Tilt\n Summary of Potentially Misused Positioning Terms\n Position\n Projection\n View\n Positioning Principles\n Evaluation Criteria\n Evaluation Criteria Format\n Image Markers and Patient Identification\n Patient Identification and Date (Film-Screen Cassette [ANALOG] Systems)\n Digital systems\n Anatomic Side Marker\n Additional Markers or Identification\n Professional Ethics and Patient Care\n Essential Projections\n Routine Projections\n Special Projections\n General Principles for Determining Positioning Routines\n Minimum of Two Projections (90° From Each Other)\n 1. Superimposition of anatomic structures\n 2. Localization of lesions or foreign bodies\n Example\n 3. Determination of alignment of fractures\n Minimum of Three Projections When Joints Are in Area of Interest\n Exceptions to Rules\n Palpation of Topographic Positioning Landmarks\n Palpation\n Viewing Radiographic Images\n Viewing CT or MRI Images\n Resources (Part One)\n Part Two: Imaging Principles\n Image Quality in Film-Screen (Analog) Radiography\n Analog Images\n Exposure Factors for Analog (Film-Screen) Imaging\n Image Quality Factors\n Density\n Definition\n Controlling Factors\n Adjusting Analog Image Density\n Density and Anode Heel Effect\n Compensating Filters\n Summary of Density Factors\n Contrast\n Definition\n Controlling Factors\n Grids\n Correct Use of Grids\n 1. Off-center grid\n Exception: Decubitus—short dimension (SD)—type linear grids:\n 2. Off-level grid\n 3. Off-focus grid\n 4. Upside-down focused grid\n Summary of Contrast Factors\n Spatial Resolution\n Controlling Factors\n Geometric Factors\n Film-Screen System\n Motion\n Difference between voluntary and involuntary motion\n Summary of Spatial Resolution Factors\n Distortion\n X-ray Beam Divergence\n Controlling Factors\n 1. SID\n Minimum 40-Inch (or 102-Cm) SID\n 2. OID\n 3. Object image receptor alignment\n Effect of improper object IR alignment\n 4. Central ray alignment\n CR angle\n Summary of Factors That May Affect Distortion\n Image Quality in Digital Radiography\n Digital Images\n Exposure Factors for Digital Imaging\n Image Quality Factors\n Brightness\n Controlling Factors\n Contrast Resolution\n Controlling Factors\n Pixels and bit depth\n Pixel size\n Scatter radiation control\n Spatial Resolution\n Controlling Factors\n Distortion\n Controlling Factors\n Exposure Indicator\n Controlling Factors\n Noise\n Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)\n High SNR\n Low SNR\n Post-Processing\n Post-Processing and Exposure Indicator Range\n Post-Processing Options\n Applications of Digital Technology\n Digital Imaging Systems\n Photostimulable Storage Phosphor (PSP) Plate\n Technologist Workstation\n Image Archiving\n Application of PSP Digital Systems\n Collimation\n Accurate Centering of Part and IR\n Use of Lead Masks\n Use of Grids\n Exposure Factors\n Evaluation of Exposure Indicator\n Flat Panel Detector with Thin Film Transistor (FPD-TFT)\n Advantages of FPD-TFT Systems\n Application of FPD-TFT–based Systems\n Charged Couple Device (CCD)\n Advantages of CCD-Based Systems\n Application of CCD-Based Systems\n Image Receptor Sizes and Orientation\n Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)\n Advantages of PACS\n Digital Imaging Glossary of Terms\n Resources (Part Two)\n Part Three: Radiation Protection\n Radiation Units\n Traditional versus SI Units\n Dose Limits\n Personnel Monitoring\n ALARA\n Pregnant Technologists\n Radiographic Patient Dose\n Patient Protection in Radiography\n Minimum Repeat Radiographs\n Correct Filtration\n Accurate Collimation\n Collimation and Tissue Dose\n Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)\n Manual Collimation\n Collimation Rule\n Specific Area Shielding\n Shadow shields\n Contact shields\n Male\n Female\n Summary of Rules for Specific Area Shielding\n Pregnant Patient\n Optimum Speed\n Minimize Patient Dose by Selecting Projections and Exposure Factors with Least Patient Dose\n Ethical Practice in Digital Imaging\n Fluoroscopic Patient Dose\n Dose Area Product (DAP)\n Skin Injury\n Dose Reduction Techniques in Fluoroscopy\n Scattered Radiation\n Radiation Protection Practices during Fluoroscopy\n Image Wisely\n2 Chest\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Chest\n Bony Thorax\n Topographic Positioning Landmarks\n Vertebra prominens (seventh cervical vertebra)\n Jugular notch (manubrial or suprasternal notch)\n Xiphoid process (tip)\n Respiratory System\n Pharynx\n Esophagus\n Four Parts of the Respiratory System\n Larynx (voice box)\n Axial sectional image of larynx\n Trachea\n Thyroid gland\n Parathyroid glands\n Thymus gland\n Radiographs\n Axial Sectional Image of the Trachea\n Right and Left Bronchi\n Secondary Bronchi, Lobes, and Alveoli\n Axial Sectional Image of Bronchi and Lungs\n Lungs\n Axial Sectional Image of Lungs and Heart\n CT Axial Sectional Image\n PA Chest Radiograph\n Parts of Lungs\n Lateral Chest View\n Mediastinum\n Thymus Gland\n Heart and Great Vessels\n Trachea and Esophagus\n Radiographic Positioning\n Body Habitus\n Breathing Movements\n Degree of Inspiration\n Positioning Considerations\n Radiation Protection\n Repeat Exposures\n Collimation\n Lead Shielding\n Backscatter Protection\n Technical Factors\n Kilovoltage\n Exposure Time and Milliamperage (mAs–Milliampere Seconds)\n Placement of Image Markers\n Pediatric Applications\n Supine versus Erect\n Technical Factors\n Geriatric Applications\n CR Centering\n Technical Factors\n Instructions and Patient Handling\n Breathing Instructions\n Hold Breath on Second Inspiration\n Inspiration and Expiration\n Erect Chest Radiographs\n PA 72-Inch (183-cm) source image receptor distance\n Evaluation Criteria\n PA Chest Positioning\n True PA, No Rotation\n Extending the Chin\n Minimizing Breast Shadows\n Lateral Chest Positioning\n Side Closest to IR\n True Lateral, No Rotation or Tilt\n Direction of Rotation\n No Tilt\n Arms Raised High\n CR Location\n CR Chest-Positioning Method\n Vertebra Prominens (PA Chest)\n Exceptions\n Jugular Notch (AP Chest)\n Lung Dimensions and IR Placement\n PA Chest\n AP Chest\n Collimation Guidelines\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n Conventional Tomography and CT\n Sonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n MRI\n Clinical Indications\n Indications\n Lung neoplasia\n Benign\n Malignant\n Pleural effusion\n Pneumonia\n Occupational lung disease (forms of pneumoconiosis)\n Routine and Special Projections\n Routine Projections\n Special Projections\n PA Projection: Chest\n Ambulatory Patient\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection: Chest\n On Stretcher if Patient Cannot Stand\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Chest\n Ambulatory Patient\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Chest\n With Wheelchair or Cart if Patient Cannot Stand\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position on Cart\n Patient Position in Wheelchair\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Chest\n Supine or Semierect (in Department or as Bedside Portable)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Decubitus Position (AP Projection): Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternative Positioning\n AP Lordotic Projection: Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Exception\n Anterior Oblique Positions—rao and Lao: Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Exception\n Posterior Oblique Positions—rpo and Lpo: Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position (Erect)\n Patient Position (Recumbent)\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Upper Airway\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Note on centering and exposure for neck region\n Centering and exposure for distal larynx and trachea region\n AP Projection: Upper Airway\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Note on exposure\n Centering for upper airway and trachea\n Radiographs for Critique\n3 Abdomen\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Abdominal Radiography\n Acute abdominal series\n Abdominal Muscles\n Abdominal Organ Systems\n Digestive System\n Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus\n Stomach and Small and Large Intestines\n Stomach\n Small intestine\n Duodenum (A)\n Jejunum and ileum (B and C)\n Radiograph of stomach and small intestine\n Large intestine\n Spleen\n Accessory Digestive Organs\n Pancreas\n Liver\n Gallbladder\n CT Cross-Sectional Images\n Urinary System\n Excretory or Intravenous Urogram\n Sectional Image\n Abdominal Cavity\n Peritoneum\n Mesentery\n Omentum\n Mesocolon\n Greater Sac and Lesser Sac\n Retroperitoneal and Infraperitoneal Organs\n Retroperitoneal Organs\n Infraperitoneal Organs\n Male Versus Female Peritoneal Enclosures\n Intraperitoneal Organs\n Quadrants and Regions\n Four Abdominal Quadrants\n Nine Abdominal Regions\n Names of Regions\n Topographic Landmarks\n Seven Landmarks of the Abdomen\n Radiographic Positioning\n Patient Preparation\n General Positioning Considerations\n Breathing Instructions\n Image Markers\n Radiation Protection\n Repeat exposures\n Close Collimation\n Gonadal shielding\n Pregnancy protection\n Exposure Factors\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities\n CT and MRI\n Sonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Acute Abdomen Routine\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP Projection—supine Position: Abdomen\n KUB\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection—prone Position: Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Decubitus Position (AP Projection): Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection—erect Position: Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Dorsal Decubitus Position (Right or Left Lateral): Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Acute Abdominal Series: Acute Abdomen\n Three-Way Abdomen: (1) AP Supine, (2) Erect (or Lateral Decubitus) Abdomen, (3) PA Chest\n Departmental routine\n Specific Clinical Indications for Acute Abdominal Series\n IR, Collimation, and Shielding\n Patient and Part Positioning\n Breathing Instructions\n CR\n Radiographs for Critique\n4 Upper Limb\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Upper Limb (Extremity)\n Hand and Wrist\n Phalanges—Fingers and Thumb (Digits)\n Metacarpals (Palm)\n Joints of the Hand\n Thumb (first digit)\n Fingers (second through fifth digits)\n Metacarpals\n Review Exercise with Radiograph\n Carpals (Wrist)\n Proximal row\n Distal row\n Carpal Sulcus (Canal or Tunnel View)\n Summary Chart of Carpal Terminology\n Review Exercise with Radiographs\n Forearm—radius and Ulna\n Radius and Ulna\n Proximal Ulna\n Distal Humerus\n True lateral elbow\n Review Exercise with Radiographs\n Classification of Joints\n Hand and Wrist (Fig. 4-21)\n Interphalangeal joints\n Metacarpophalangeal joints\n Carpometacarpal joints\n Intercarpal joints\n Wrist Joint\n Wrist ligaments\n Elbow Joint\n Wrist Joint Movement Terminology\n Ulnar deviation (special scaphoid projection)\n Radial deviation\n Forearm Rotational Movements\n Summary\n Elbow Rotational Movements\n Importance of Visualizing Fat Pads\n Wrist Joint*\n Elbow Joint*\n Summary\n Radiographic Positioning\n General Positioning Considerations\n Lead Shielding\n Distance\n Multiple Exposures per Imaging Plate\n Trauma Patients\n Pediatric Patients\n Geriatric Patients\n Exposure Factors\n Cassettes\n Increase Exposure with Cast\n Collimation, General Positioning, and Markers\n Correct Centering\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Exposure Factors\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n Arthrography\n CT and MRI\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Bone metastases\n Bursitis\n Carpal tunnel syndrome\n Fracture\n Joint effusion\n Osteoarthritis\n Osteomyelitis\n Osteopetrosis\n Osteoporosis\n Paget’s disease\n Rheumatoid arthritis\n Skier’s thumb\n Bone neoplasia\n Malignant bone tumors\n Benign bone or cartilaginous tumors (chondromas)\n Routine and Special Projections\n PA Projection: Fingers\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Oblique Projection—Medial or Lateral Rotation: Fingers\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Optional Medial Oblique\n Lateral—lateromedial or Mediolateral Projections: Fingers\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Projection: Thumb\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—AP\n Part Position—AP\n Exception—PA (Only if Patient Cannot Position for Previous AP)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Oblique Projection—medial Rotation: Thumb\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral Position: Thumb\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Axial Projection (Modified Robert’s Method)*: Thumb\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Stress Thumb Projection\n Folio Method*\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Projection: Hand\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Oblique Projection: Hand\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Exception\n “Fan” Lateral—lateromedial Projection: Hand\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Compensation filter\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral in Extension and Flexion—lateromedial Projections: Hand\n Alternatives to Fan Lateral\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Oblique Bilateral Projection: Hand\n Norgaard Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA (AP) Projection: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative AP\n PA Oblique Projection—lateral Rotation: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral—lateromedial Projection: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA and PA Axial Scaphoid—with Ulnar Deviation: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Scaphoid—hand Elevated and Ulnar Deviation: Wrist\n Modified Stecher Method*\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n Alternative method\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Projection—radial Deviation: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Carpal Canal (Tunnel)—Tangential, Inferosuperior Projection: Wrist\n Gaynor-Hart Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Carpal Bridge—tangential Projection: Wrist\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Projection: Forearm\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral—lateromedial Projection: Forearm\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Projection: Elbow\n Elbow Fully Extended\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Projection: Elbow\n When Elbow Cannot Be Fully Extended\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Oblique Projection—lateral (External) Rotation: Elbow\n Clinical Indications\n Lateral (external rotation) oblique\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Oblique Projection—medial (Internal) Rotation: Elbow\n Clinical Indications\n Medial (internal rotation) oblique\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral—lateromedial Projection: Elbow\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Acute Flexion Projections: Elbow\n AP Projections of Elbow in Acute Flexion\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Trauma Axial Laterals—axial Lateromedial Projections: Elbow\n Coyle Method*\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position 1—Radial Head\n Part Position 2—Coronoid Process\n Recommended Collimation\n Radial Head Laterals—lateromedial Projections: Elbow\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Radiographs for Critique\n5 Humerus and Shoulder Girdle\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Upper Limb (Extremity)\n Humerus\n Proximal Humerus\n Anatomy of Proximal Humerus on Radiograph\n Shoulder Girdle\n Clavicle\n Radiograph of the clavicle\n Scapula\n Anterior view\n Posterior view\n Lateral view\n Review Exercise with Radiographs of Scapula\n AP Projection\n Lateral Projection\n Proximal Humerus and Scapula\n Inferosuperior (axiolateral) projection\n Classification of Joints\n Classification\n Mobility Type\n Movement Type\n Radiographic Positioning\n Proximal Humerus Rotation\n Radiographs of Proximal Humerus\n External Rotation\n Internal Rotation\n Neutral Rotation\n Positioning and Exposure Considerations\n Technical Considerations\n Average Adult Humerus and Shoulder\n Shielding\n Gonads\n Thyroid, Lungs, and Breasts\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n Arthrography\n CT and MRI\n Nuclear Medicine\n Sonography\n Clinical Indications\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP Projection: Humerus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Rotational Lateral—Lateromedial or Mediolateral Projections: Humerus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Trauma Horizontal Beam Lateral—Lateromedial Projection: Humerus\n Proximal Humerus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Transthoracic Lateral Projection: Humerus (Trauma)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection—External Rotation: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n AP Proximal Humerus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection—Internal Rotation: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Lateral Proximal Humerus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Inferosuperior Axial Projection: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Lawrence Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Transaxillary Projection: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Hobbs Modification\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Inferosuperior Axial Projection: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Clements Modification*\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Posterior Oblique Position—Glenoid Cavity: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Grashey Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Tangential Projection—Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove: Shoulder (Nontrauma)\n Fisk Modification\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n Erect (Fisk modification)\n Supine\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection—Neutral Rotation: Shoulder (Trauma)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Transthoracic Lateral Projection: Proximal Humerus (Trauma)\n Lawrence Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Scapular Y Lateral—Anterior Oblique Position: Shoulder (Trauma)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Tangential Projection—Supraspinatus Outlet: Shoulder (Trauma)\n Neer Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Apical Oblique Axial Projection: Shoulder (Trauma)\n Garth Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP and AP Axial Projections: Clavicle\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n AP\n AP Axial\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternative PA\n AP Projection: AC Joints\n Bilateral with and Without Weights\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Weights\n Alternative AP axial projection (Alexander method)\n Alternative supine position\n AP Projection: Scapula\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Scapula\n Patient Erect\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Scapula\n Patient Recumbent\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique\n6 Lower Limb\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Distal Lower Limb\n Foot\n Phalanges—Toes (Digits)\n Metatarsals\n Joints of Phalanges (Digits) and Metatarsals\n Joints of digits\n Joints of metatarsals\n Sesamoid bones\n Tarsals\n Calcaneus\n Articulations\n Talus\n Articulations\n Navicular\n Articulations\n Cuneiforms\n Articulations\n Cuboid\n Articulations\n Arches\n Longitudinal arch\n Transverse arch\n Ankle Joint\n Frontal View\n Lateral View\n Axial View\n Ankle Joint\n Review Exercise with Radiographs\n Lateral Left Foot (Fig. 6-13)\n Oblique Right Foot (Fig. 6-14)\n AP Mortise View Right Ankle (Fig. 6-15)\n Lateral Right Ankle (Fig. 6-16)\n Leg—Tibia and Fibula\n Tibia\n Proximal extremity\n Distal extremity\n Fibula\n Midfemur and Distal Femur—Anterior View\n Midfemur and Distal Femur—Posterior View\n Distal Femur and Patella (Lateral View)\n Distal Femur and Patella (Axial View)\n Patella\n Knee Joint\n Proximal Tibiofibular Joint and Major Knee Ligaments\n Synovial Membrane and Cavity\n Menisci (Articular Disks)\n Knee Trauma\n Review Exercise with Radiographs\n AP Leg (Fig. 6-29)\n Lateral Leg (Fig. 6-30)\n AP Knee (Fig. 6-31)\n Lateral Knee (Fig. 6-32)\n Lateral Knee (Fig. 6-33)\n Tangential Projection (Femoropatellar Joint) (Fig. 6-34)\n Classification of Joints\n Surfaces and Projections of the Foot\n Surfaces\n Projections\n Motions of the Foot and Ankle\n Radiographic Positioning\n Positioning Considerations\n Distance\n Shielding\n Collimation\n General Positioning\n Correct Centering\n Multiple Exposures per Imaging Plate\n Exposure Factors\n Image Receptors\n Grids\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Placement of Markers and Patient Identification Information\n Increase Exposure with Cast\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n Arthrography\n CT\n MRI\n Bone Densitometry\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP Projection: Toes\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Computed radiography or digital radiography\n AP Oblique Projection—Medial or Lateral Rotation: Toes\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Computed radiography or digital radiography\n Lateral-Mediolateral or Lateromedial Projections: Toes\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Computed radiography or digital radiography\n Tangential Projection: Toes—Sesamoids\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative projection\n AP Projection: Foot\n Dorsoplantar Projection\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Computed radiography or digital radiography\n AP Oblique Projection—Medial Rotation: Foot\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Optional lateral oblique (Fig. 6-62)\n Lateral-Mediolateral or Lateromedial Projections: Foot\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position (Mediolateral Projection)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n Alternative lateromedial projection\n AP Weight-Bearing Projections: Foot\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n AP\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral Weight-Bearing Projections: Foot\n Lateral\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Plantodorsal (Axial) Projection: Lower Limb—Calcaneus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n Lateral-Mediolateral Projection: Lower Limb—Calcaneus\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n AP Projection: Ankle\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n AP Mortise Projection—15° to 20° Medial Rotation: Ankle\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n AP Oblique Projection-45° Medial Rotation: Ankle\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n Lateral-Mediolateral (or Lateromedial) Projection: Ankle\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position (Mediolateral Projection)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n Alternative Lateromedial Projection\n AP Stress Projections: Ankle\n Inversion and Eversion Positions\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital imaging systems\n AP Projection: Leg\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative follow-up examination routine\n Lateral-Mediolateral Projection: Leg—Tibia and Fibula\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative follow-up examination routine\n Horizontal beam (cross-table) lateral\n AP Projection: Knee\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Oblique Projection—Medial (Internal) Rotation: Knee\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Oblique Projection—lateral (External) Rotation: Knee\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral-Mediolateral Projection: Knee\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Lateral recumbent projection\n Horizontal beam projection\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Weight-Bearing Bilateral Knee Projection: Knee\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative PA\n PA Axial Weight-Bearing Bilateral Knee Projection: Knee\n Rosenberg Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Alternative unilateral projection\n PA Axial Projection—Tunnel View: Knee—Intercondylar Fossa\n (1) Camp Coventry Method And (2) Holmblad Method, Including Variations\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n 1. Prone (Camp Coventry method)\n 2. Kneeling (Holmblad method)\n 3. Partially standing, straddling table (Holmblad variation)\n 4. Partially standing, affected leg on stool or chair (Holmblad variation)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Axial Projection: Knee—Intercondylar Fossa\n Béclere Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n PA Projection: Patella\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral-Mediolateral Projection: Patella\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Tangential (Axial or Sunrise/Skyline) Projections: Patella\n Merchant Bilateral Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Tangential (Axial or Sunrise/Skyline) Projections: Patella\n (1) Inferosuperior Projection (Patient Supine, 45° Knee Flexion); (2) Hughston Method (Patient Prone, 55° Knee Flexion); (3) Settegast Method (Patient Prone, 90° Knee Flexion); (4) Hobbs Modification Superoinferior Tangential Method (Patient Sitting, >90° Knee Flexion)\n Summary\n Technical Factors\n (1) Inferosuperior Projection\n CR\n (2) Hughston Method*\n CR\n (3) Settegast Method\n CR\n (4) Hobbs Modification Superoinferior Sitting Tangential Method\n CR\n Radiographs for Critique\n Resource\n7 Femur and Pelvic Girdle\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Lower Limb (Extremity)\n Femur\n Proximal Femur\n Angles of the proximal femur\n Pelvis\n Pelvis versus pelvic girdle\n Hip Bone\n Ilium\n Positioning landmarks\n Ischium\n Positioning landmarks\n Pubis\n Positioning landmark\n Summary of Topographic Landmarks\n True and False Pelvis\n True Pelvis\n Birth Canal\n Male versus Female Pelvis\n Male Versus Female Pelvis Radiographs\n Review Exercise with Radiographs\n Lateral Hip\n Classification of Joints\n Sacroiliac Joints\n Symphysis Pubis\n Union of Acetabulum\n Hip Joint\n Radiographic Positioning\n Positioning Considerations\n Location of Head and Neck\n Appearance of Proximal Femur in Anatomic Position\n Internal Rotation of Leg\n Evidence of Hip Fracture\n Summary: Effect of Lower Limb Rotation\n Shielding Guidelines\n Male Shielding\n Female Shielding\n Exposure Factors and Patient Dose\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities\n Computed Tomography\n Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n Sonography (Ultrasound)\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Routine and Special Procedures\n Pelvis Radiographic Guide\n AP Projection: Femur—mid- and Distal\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral-Mediolateral or Lateromedial Projections: Femur—mid- and Distal\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n Lateral Recumbent (Fig. 7-39)\n Trauma Lateromedial Projection (Fig. 7-40)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral-Mediolateral Projection: Femur—mid- and Proximal\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP Pelvis Projection (Bilateral Hips): Pelvis\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Bilateral Frog-Leg Projection: Pelvis\n Modified Cleaves Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Outlet Projection* (for Anterior-Inferior Pelvic Bones): Pelvis\n Taylor Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Inlet Projection*: Pelvis\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Collimation\n Respiration\n Posterior Oblique Pelvis–acetabulum\n Judet Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Posterior Oblique Positions\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Pa Axial Oblique Projection–acetabulum\n Teufel Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Axial Oblique Positions\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Unilateral Hip Projection: Hip and Proximal Femur\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Axiolateral Inferosuperior Projection: Hip and Proximal Femur—trauma\n Danelius-Miller Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Unilateral Frog-Leg Projection—mediolateral: Hip and Proximal Femur\n Modified Cleaves Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Modified Axiolateral—possible Trauma Projection: Hip and Proximal Femur\n Clements-Nakayama Method*\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique\n8 Cervical and Thoracic Spine\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Vertebral Column\n Spinal canal\n Spinal cord\n Intervertebral disks\n Sections of Vertebral Column\n Cervical vertebrae\n Thoracic vertebrae\n Lumbar vertebrae\n Sacrum and coccyx\n Vertebral Column Curvatures\n Lordosis\n Kyphosis\n Scoliosis\n Typical Vertebral Anatomy\n (1) Body\n (2) Vertebral Arch\n Superior Perspective\n Lateral Perspective\n Summary\n (3) Joints In The Vertebral Column\n Intervertebral Joints\n Zygapophyseal Joints\n Costal Joints\n (4) Intervertebral Foramina\n (5) Intervertebral Disk\n Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae\n Superior Perspective\n Lateral Perspective\n Cervical Zygapophyseal Joints\n Cervical Intervertebral Foramina\n Atlas (C1)\n Axis (C2)\n Relationship of C1 and C2\n Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae\n Rib Articulations\n Costovertebral Joints\n Costotransverse Joints\n Superior and Lateral Perspectives\n Lateral Oblique Perspective\n Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joints\n Thoracic Intervertebral Foramina\n Unique C1-C2 Joint Classifications\n Anatomy Review with Radiographic Images\n AP Cervical Spine Image\n Lateral Cervical Spine Image\n Oblique Cervical Spine Image\n AP and Lateral Thoracic Spine Image\n AP Thoracic Spine Image (Fig. 8-28)\n Lateral Thoracic Spine (Fig. 8-29)\n Intervertebral Foramina versus Zygapophyseal Joints\n Cervical Spine Skeleton\n Cervical Spine Radiographs\n Thoracic SPINE Skeleton\n Thoracic SPINE Radiographs\n Radiographic Positioning\n Topographic Landmarks\n Cervical Landmarks\n Sternum and Thoracic SPINE Landmarks\n Positioning and Technical Considerations\n Erect Versus Recumbent\n Patient Radiation Protection\n Technical and Image Quality Factors\n Exposure Factors\n Focal Spot Size\n Compensating Strategies\n SID\n Scatter Radiation\n Part-IR Alignment\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Communication\n Safety\n Patient Handling and Comfort\n Technical Factors\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n Myelography\n Computed Tomography\n Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Clay shoveler’s fracture\n Compression fracture\n Hangman’s fracture\n Jefferson fracture\n Odontoid fracture\n Teardrop burst fracture\n Facets—unilateral subluxation and bilateral locks\n Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)\n Kyphosis\n Scoliosis\n Osteoarthritis\n Osteoporosis\n Scheuermann’s disease\n Spondylitis\n Ankylosing spondylitis\n Spondylosis\n Transitional vertebra\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP “Open Mouth” Projection—C1 and C2: Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine or Erect Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Projection: Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine or Erect Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Anterior and Posterior Oblique Positions: Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect or Recumbent Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Anterior Oblique (RAO, LAO)\n Posterior Oblique (RPO, LPO)\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position, Horizontal Beam: Cervical Spine (Trauma Patient)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s) Lateral Position: Cervical Spine\n Twining Method for C5-T3 Region\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect or Recumbent Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Optional Breathing Technique\n Lateral Positions—Hyperflexion and Hyperextension: Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP or Posteroanterior (PA) Projection for C1-C2 (Dens): Cervical Spine\n Fuchs Method (AP) or Judd Method (PA)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n AP (Fuchs Method)\n PA (Judd Method)\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP “Wagging Jaw” Projection: Cervical Spine\n Ottonello Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Projection—Vertebral Arch (Pillars): Cervical Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Thoracic Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Recumbent and Erect Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Thoracic Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Recumbent or Erect Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Oblique Position—Anterior or Posterior Oblique: Thoracic Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Oblique Anterior or Posterior Recumbent or Erect Positions\n Part Position\n Posterior Oblique Position (Recumbent)\n Anterior Oblique Position (Recumbent)\n Erect Anterior Oblique Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique\n Resources\n9 Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Lumbar Vertebrae\n Lateral and Superior Perspectives\n Intervertebral Foramina\n Zygapophyseal Joints\n Posterior and Anterior Perspectives\n Sacrum\n Anterior Perspective\n Lateral Perspective\n Posterior Sacrum\n Coccyx\n Anterior Coccyx\n Posterior Coccyx\n Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx Radiograph\n Anatomy Review\n Superoinferior Projection\n Lateral Position\n AP Projection\n Lateral Lumbosacral Spine\n AP Lumbosacral Spine\n Oblique Lumbar Vertebrae\n Appearance of “Scottie Dog”\n Oblique Lumbar Radiograph\n Classification of Joints\n Zygapophyseal (Apophyseal) Joints\n Intervertebral Joints\n Intervertebral Foramina versus Zygapophyseal Joints\n Intervertebral Foramina—Lateral Lumbar Spine\n Zygapophyseal Joints—Oblique Lumbar Spine\n Posterior Oblique\n Anterior Oblique\n Radiographic Positioning\n Topographic Landmarks\n Lower Spine Landmarks\n Positioning Considerations\n Patient Radiation Protection\n Patient Position\n PA versus AP Projections\n Exposure Factors\n Lead Mat on Tabletop\n SID\n Part-IR Alignment\n Pediatric Applications\n Patient Motion and Safety\n Communication\n Immobilization\n Technical Factors\n Geriatric Applications\n Communication and Comfort\n Technical Factors\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n Computed Tomography\n Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n Nuclear Medicine Technology\n Bone Densitometry\n Myelography\n Clinical Indications\n Routine and Special Positioning\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP (or PA) Projection: Lumbar Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Obliques—posterior (or Anterior) Oblique Positions: Lumbar Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Posterior or Anterior Oblique Positions\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Lumbar Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral L5-S1 Position: Lumbar Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial L5-S1 Projection: Lumbar Spine\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA (AP) Projection: Scoliosis Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect and Recumbent Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Erect Lateral Position: Scoliosis Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA (AP) Projection—Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP (PA) Projection—Right and Left Bending: Scoliosis Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Erect or Recumbent Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Positions—Hyperextension and Hyperflexion: Spinal Fusion Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Recumbent Lateral Position\n Part Position\n Hyperflexion\n Hyperextension\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Sacrum Projection: Sacrum\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Coccyx Projection: Coccyx\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx Position: Sacrum and Coccyx\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Coccyx Position: Coccyx\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Lateral Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Projection: Sacroiliac Joints\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Posterior Oblique Positions (LPO and RPO): Sacroiliac Joints\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—Supine Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique\n10 Bony Thorax—Sternum and Ribs\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Bony Thorax\n Sternum\n Palpable Landmarks\n Sternoclavicular articulation\n Sternal rib articulations\n Ribs\n Summary\n Typical Rib\n Inferior view\n Posterior view\n Rib Cage\n Articulations of Bony Thorax\n Anterior Articulations\n Posterior Articulations\n Radiographic Positioning\n Positioning Considerations for the Sternum\n Exposure Factors\n Source Image Receptor Distance (SID)\n Positioning Considerations for Ribs\n Above or Below Diaphragm\n SID\n Above Diaphragm\n Below Diaphragm\n Recommended Projections\n Marking the Site of Injury\n Chest Radiography\n Pediatric Applications\n Communication\n Immobilization\n Exposure Factors\n Collimation\n Geriatric Applications\n Communication and Comfort\n Exposure Factors\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n Computed Tomography\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Fractures\n Congenital anomalies\n Metastases\n Osteomyelitis\n Routine and Special Projections\n RAO Position: Sternum\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position—R or L Lateral: Sternum\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n Erect\n Lateral Recumbent\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection: Sternoclavicular Joints\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Anterior Oblique Positions—rao and Lao: Sternoclavicular Joints\n Images of the Right and Left Joints Are Obtained\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Posterior Ribs\n Above or Below Diaphragm\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Above diaphragm\n Below diaphragm\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection: Anterior Ribs\n Above Diaphragm\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA erect and lateral chest study\n Unilateral Rib Study: AP-PA Position\n Ribs\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Above diaphragm\n Below diaphragm\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Posterior or Anterior Oblique Positions: Axillary Ribs\n Above or Below Diaphragm\n Clinical Indications\n Posterior-lateral injury\n Anterior-lateral injury\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Above diaphragm\n Below diaphragm\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique\n Resources\n11 Cranium, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses\n Contents\n Part I: Radiographic Anatomy\n Skull\n Cranial Bones\n Calvarium (Skullcap)\n Floor\n Frontal Bone\n Squamous or vertical portion\n Orbital or horizontal portion\n Articulations\n Parietal Bones\n Articulations\n Occipital Bone\n Articulations\n Temporal Bones\n Lateral view\n Frontal cutaway view\n Superior view\n Articulations\n Sphenoid Bone\n Superior view\n Oblique view\n Sella turcica—lateral view\n Articulations\n Ethmoid Bone\n Articulations\n Cranium—Sagittal View\n Joints of the Cranium—Sutures\n Adult Cranium\n Infant Cranium\n Fontanels\n Sutural, or Wormian, Bones\n Anatomy Review with Radiographs\n Cranial Bones—PA Caldwell Projection\n Cranial Bones—AP Axial Projection\n Cranial Bones—Lateral Projection\n Anatomy of Organs of Hearing and Equilibrium in Petrous Portion of Temporal Bones\n External Ear\n Middle Ear\n CT of Temporal Bone\n Eustachian tube\n Internal acoustic meatus\n Mastoids\n Auditory ossicles\n Auditory ossicles—frontal and lateral view\n Internal Ear\n Osseous (bony) labyrinth\n Semicircular canals\n “Windows” of internal ear\n Anatomy Review with Radiographs\n Axiolateral Projection (Fig. 11-35)\n Posterior Profile Position (Fig. 11-36)\n Facial Bones\n Facial Bones\n Right and Left Maxillary Bones\n Lateral view of left maxilla\n Frontal view\n Hard palate (inferior surface)\n Articulations\n Right and Left Zygomatic Bones\n Articulations\n Right and Left Nasal and Lacrimal Bones\n Lacrimal bones\n Nasal bones\n Articulations\n Lacrimal\n Nasal\n Right and Left Inferior Nasal Conchae\n Sectional drawing\n Inferior nasal conchae\n Right and Left Palatine Bones\n Articulations\n Inferior nasal conchae\n Palatine\n Nasal Septum\n Vomer\n Articulations\n Mandible\n Lateral view\n Frontal view\n Ramus\n Memory aid\n Submentovertex projection\n Temporomandibular Joint\n Joint Classifications (Mandible and Skull)\n Synovial Joints (Diarthrodial)\n Fibrous Joints (Synarthrodial)\n TMJ motion\n Radiographs (open and closed mouth)\n Paranasal Sinuses\n Maxillary Sinuses\n Frontal Sinuses\n Ethmoid Sinuses\n Sphenoid Sinuses\n Osteomeatal complex\n Radiographs—Paranasal Sinuses\n Lateral Position\n PA (Caldwell) Projection\n Parietoacanthial Transoral Projection (Open Mouth Waters)\n SMV Projection\n Orbits\n Bony Composition of Orbits\n Openings in Posterior Orbit\n Anatomy Review\n Seven Bones of Left Orbit (Fig. 11-73)\n Openings and Structures of Left Orbit (Fig. 11-74)\n Parieto-orbital Oblique Projection of Orbits (Fig. 11-75)\n Facial Bones—Lateral (Figs. 11-76 and 11-77)\n Facial Bones—Parietoacanthial (Waters)\n Facial Bones—SMV (Inferior View)\n Skull only (Fig. 11-80)\n Radiograph only (Fig. 11-81)\n Facial Bones—Frontal View (Fig. 11-82)\n Clinical Indications of Cranium\n Skull and Cranial Pathology\n Skull fractures\n Gunshot wounds\n Neoplasms\n Multiple myeloma\n Pituitary adenomas\n Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)\n Temporal Bone Pathology\n Mastoiditis\n Neoplasms\n Acoustic neuroma\n Cholesteatoma (ko″-le-ste″-a-to′-ma)\n Polyp\n Otosclerosis\n Clinical Indications of Facial Bones and Paranasal Sinuses\n Part II: Radiographic Positioning Considerations of Cranium\n Skull Morphology (Classifications by Shape and Size)\n Mesocephalic Skull\n Brachycephalic and Dolichocephalic Skulls\n Positioning Considerations Related to Skull Morphology\n Cranial Topography (Surface Landmarks)\n Body Planes\n Anterior and Lateral View Landmarks\n Ear\n Eye\n Cranial Positioning Lines\n Skull Positioning Aids\n Positioning Considerations\n Erect versus Recumbent\n Patient Comfort\n Hygiene\n Exposure Factors\n Paranasal Sinuses\n Exposure Factors\n Source Image Receptor Distance\n Radiation Protection\n Patient shielding\n Causes of Positioning Errors\n Five Common Positioning Errors\n Part III: Radiographic Positioning Considerations of Facial Bones and Paranasal Sinuses\n Special Projections and Anatomic Relationships\n PA Skull Projection\n Parietoacanthial (Waters Method) Projection\n Pediatric Applications\n Communication\n Immobilization\n Exposure Factors\n Geriatric Applications\n Communication and Comfort\n Exposure Factors\n Alternative Modalities\n CT\n MRI\n Sonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n Part IV: Routine and Special Positioning of Cranium, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses\n AP Axial Projection: Skull Series\n Towne Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position—Right or Left Lateral: Skull Series\n Clinical Indications\n Trauma routine\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Axial Projection: Skull Series\n 15° CR (Caldwell Method) or 25° to 30° CR\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternative 25° to 30°\n Alternative AP axial projection\n PA Projection: Skull Series\n 0° CR\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n SMV Projection: Skull Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n Supine\n Erect\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Axial Projection: Skull Series\n Haas Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Part V: Radiographic Positioning of Facial Bones and Paranasal Sinuses\n Lateral Position—Right or Left Lateral: Facial Bones\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Parietoacanthial Projection: Facial Bones\n Waters Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Axial Projection: Facial Bones\n Caldwell Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Modified Parietoacanthial Projection: Facial Bones\n Modified Waters Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Nasal Bones\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Superoinferior Tangential (Axial) Projection: Nasal Bones\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n SMV Projection: Zygomatic Arches\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Oblique Inferosuperior (Tangential) Projection: Zygomatic Arches\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Projection: Zygomatic Arches\n Modified Towne Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection: Optic Foramina\n Rhese Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Axiolateral Oblique Projection: Mandible\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA or PA Axial Projection: Mandible\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial Projection: Mandible\n Towne Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n SMV Projection: Mandible\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Orthopantomography—Panoramic Tomography: Mandible\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors (Conventional Radiographic Systems)\n Unit Preparation\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Digital Orthopantomography\n Advantages of Orthopantomography Compared with Conventional Mandible Positioning\n AP Axial Projection: TMJs\n Modified Towne Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Axiolateral Oblique Projection: TMJs\n Modified Law Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Axiolateral Projection: TMJ\n Schuller Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position—Right or Left Lateral: Sinuses\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection: Sinuses\n Caldwell Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Parietoacanthial Projection: Sinuses\n Waters Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n SMV Projection: Sinuses\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Parietoacanthial Transoral Projection: Sinuses\n Open Mouth Waters Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Radiographs for Critique—Cranium\n Radiographs for Critique—Facial Bones\n Radiographs for Critique—Sinuses\n Resources\n12 Biliary Tract and Upper Gastrointestinal System\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Liver\n Lobes of the Liver\n Function of the Liver\n Gallbladder and Biliary Ducts\n Functions of the Gallbladder\n Common Bile Duct\n Gallbladder and Biliary Ducts (Lateral View)\n Anatomy Review\n Radiograph of Gallbladder\n Oral Cholecystogram—Historical Review\n Medical Sonography\n Clinical Indications\n Gallbladder and Biliary Duct Radiography\n Biliary Calculi (Gallstones)\n Cholecystitis\n Neoplasms\n Biliary Stenosis\n Digestive System\n Alimentary Canal\n Accessory Organs\n Functions\n Common Radiographic Procedures\n Esophagogram or Barium Swallow (Study of Pharynx and Esophagus)\n Upper Gastrointestinal Series (Study of Distal Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum)\n Mouth (Oral Cavity)\n Accessory Organs in Oral Cavity\n Pharynx\n Cavities That Communicate with Pharynx\n Deglutition (Swallowing)\n Esophagus\n Diaphragmatic Openings\n Swallowing and Peristalsis\n Stomach\n Stomach Openings and Curvatures\n Stomach Subdivisions\n Mucosal Folds Within the Stomach—rugae\n Stomach Position\n Air/Gas–barium Distribution in Stomach\n Duodenum\n Four Parts of Duodenum\n Anatomy Review\n Radiograph of Stomach and Duodenum\n Digestion\n Mechanical Digestion\n Chemical Digestion\n Digested Substances and Resultant By-Products\n Summary\n Body Habitus\n Hypersthenic Versus Hyposthenic/Asthenic\n Hypersthenic\n Hyposthenic/Asthenic\n Sthenic\n Additional Factors\n Radiographs of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Demonstrating Body Types\n Radiographic Procedures\n Similarities\n Contrast Media\n Barium Sulfate\n Thin Barium\n Thick Barium\n Contraindications to Barium Sulfate\n Double Contrast\n Postexamination Elimination (Defecation)\n Digital Fluoroscopy\n Digital Radiography-Fluoroscopy\n Optional Postfluoroscopy “Overhead” Images\n Multiple Frame Formatting and Multiple “Original” Films\n Cine Loop Capability\n Image Enhancement and Manipulation\n Worker Protection during Fluoroscopy\n Exposure Patterns\n Lead Drape Shield\n Bucky Slot Shield\n Lead Aprons\n Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection\n Esophagogram Procedure\n Definition and Purpose\n Contraindications\n Clinical Indications for Esophagogram\n Patient and Room Preparation for Esophagogram\n General Procedure\n Fluoroscopy\n Demonstration of Esophageal Reflux\n Breathing Exercises\n Water Test\n Compression Technique\n Toe-Touch Maneuver\n Postfluoroscopy Imaging\n Upper GI Series Procedure\n Definition and Purpose\n Contraindications\n Clinical Indications for Upper GI Series\n Patient Preparation for Upper GI Series\n Pregnancy Precautions\n Room Preparation and Fluoroscopy Procedure\n Patient and Table Movements\n Postfluoroscopy Routines\n Pediatric Applications\n Pediatric Patient Preparation for Upper GI\n Barium Preparation\n Room Preparation\n Geriatric Applications\n Summary of Positioning Tips for Upper GI Examinations\n Clinical History\n Body Habitus\n Fluoroscopy\n High kV and Short Exposure Time\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n CT\n MRI\n MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY\n Nuclear Medicine\n Routine and Special Postfluoroscopy Projections\n RAO Position: Esophagogram\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Position: Esophagogram\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Optional swimmer’s lateral position\n AP (PA) Projection: Esophagogram\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternative PA\n LAO Position: Esophagogram\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n RAO Position: Upper GI Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Projection: Upper GI Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternate PA axial\n Right Lateral Position: Upper GI Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n LPO Position: Upper GI Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Upper GI Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Alternative AP Trendelenburg\n13 Lower Gastrointestinal System\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Digestive System\n Common Radiographic Procedures\n Small Bowel Series—Study of Small Intestine\n Barium Enema (Lower GI Series, Colon)—Study of Large Intestine\n Small Intestine\n Duodenum (RUQ and LUQ)\n Jejunum (LUQ and LLQ)\n Ileum (RLQ and LLQ)\n Sectional Differences\n Jejunum\n Ileum\n CT Cross-Sectional Image\n Large Intestine\n Colon Versus Large Intestine\n Cecum\n Appendix\n Large Intestine—barium-Filled\n Rectum and Anal Canal\n Large Versus Small Intestine\n Relative Locations of Air and Barium in Large Intestine\n Anatomy Review\n Small Bowel Radiographs\n Barium Enema\n Digestive Functions\n Digestive Functions of the Intestines\n Movements of Digestive Tract\n Small Intestine\n Large Intestine\n Radiographic Procedures\n Small Bowel Series\n Definition\n Purpose\n Contraindications\n Clinical Indications\n Small Bowel Procedures\n Contrast Media\n Upper Gi–small Bowel Combination\n Review of Images\n Fluoroscopic Study\n Delayed Radiographs\n Small Bowel–only Series\n Enteroclysis—double-Contrast Small Bowel Procedure\n Intubation Method—single-Contrast Study\n Patient Preparation\n Pregnancy Precautions\n Method of Imaging\n Barium Enema (Lower GI Series)\n Definition\n Purpose\n Contraindications\n Appendicitis\n Clinical Indications for Barium Enema\n Barium Enema Procedure\n Patient Preparation\n Contraindications to Laxatives (Cathartics)\n Two Classes of Laxatives\n Radiographic Room Preparation\n Equipment and Supplies\n Barium Enema Containers\n Enema Tips\n Latex Allergies\n Contrast Media\n Negative-Contrast Agent\n Contrast Media Preparation\n Procedure Preparation\n Sims’ Position\n Preparation for Rectal Tip Insertion\n Enema Tip Insertion\n Summary of Enema Tip Insertion Procedure\n Step 1\n Step 2\n Step 3\n Step 4\n Step 5\n Step 6\n Step 7\n Step 8\n Fluoroscopy Routine\n Types of Lower GI Examinations (Procedures)\n Single-Contrast Barium Enema Procedure\n Double-Contrast Barium Enema Procedure\n Two-Stage Procedure\n Single-Stage Procedure\n Spot Images (during Fluoroscopy)\n Digital Fluoroscopy\n Postfluoroscopy Radiographs\n Postevacuation Radiograph\n Evacuative Proctography—defecography\n Definition and Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Special Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Applicator\n Evacuative Proctogram Procedure\n Summary of Evacuative Proctogram Procedure\n Colostomy Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications and Purpose\n Special Supplies for Colostomy Barium Enema\n Patient Preparation\n Procedure\n Summary of Colostomy Barium Enema Procedure\n Pediatric Applications\n Small Bowel Series and Barium Enema\n Geriatric Applications\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities or Procedures\n CT\n CT Enteroclysis\n CT Colonography\n Patient Preparation\n Procedure\n Advantages of CT Colonography*\n Disadvantages of CT Colonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n MRI\n SONOGRAPHY\n Routine and Special Projections\n PA Projection: Small Bowel Series\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA or AP Projection: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n RAO Position: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n LAO Position: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n LPO and RPO Positions: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Rectum Position or Ventral Decubitus Lateral: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position (Lateral Position)\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Right Lateral Decubitus Position (AP or PA): Barium Enema—double Contrast\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Left Lateral Decubitus Position (AP or PA Projection): Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA (AP) Projection—postevacuation: Barium Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Axial or AP Axial Oblique (LPO) Projections: Barium Enema\n “Butterfly” Projections\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n AP axial\n LPO\n CR\n AP\n LPO\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n PA Axial or PA Axial Oblique (RAO) Projections: Barium Enema\n “Butterfly” Projections\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n PA\n RAO\n CR\n PA\n RAO\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n14 Urinary System and Venipuncture\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Urinary System\n Kidneys\n Ureters\n Urethra\n Kidneys\n Kidney Orientation\n Cross-Sectional View\n CT Axial Section\n Normal Kidney Location\n Kidney Movement\n Functions of Urinary System\n Renal Blood Vessels\n Urine Production\n Macroscopic Structure\n Ureters\n Ureter Size and Points of Constriction\n Urinary Bladder\n Bladder Functions\n Size and Position of the Bladder\n Female Pelvic Organs\n Female Reproductive Organs\n Retroperitoneal and Infraperitoneal Organs\n Male Pelvic Organs\n Male Reproductive Organs\n Anatomy Review with Radiographs\n Retrograde Pyelogram\n Voiding Cystourethrogram\n Computed Tomography Axial Section\n Venipuncture\n Introduction\n Preparation for Administration of Contrast Agents\n Bolus Injection\n Drip Infusion\n Equipment and Supplies\n Patient Preparation\n Signing Informed Consent Form\n Selection of Vein\n Ensure Vein and Not an Artery\n Type and Size of Needle\n Venipuncture Procedure\n Step 1: Wash Hands and Put on Gloves (Figs. 14-27 and 14-28)\n Step 2: Apply Tourniquet, Select Site, and Cleanse the Site (Figs. 14-29 to 14-32)\n Step 3: Initiate Puncture (Figs. 14-33 and 14-34)\n Step 4: Confirm Entry and Secure Needle (Figs. 14-37 to 14-40)\n Step 5: Prepare and Proceed with Injection (Figs. 14-41 and 14-42)\n Step 6: Needle or Catheter Removal (Figs. 14-43 and 14-44)\n Summary of Safety Considerations\n Radiographic Procedures\n Contrast Media and Urography\n Introduction to the Intravenous Urogram\n Types of Contrast Media\n Ionic Organic Iodides\n Higher osmolality and greater chance of reaction\n Nonionic Organic Iodide\n Lower osmolality and less chance of reaction\n Low-Osmolality Organic Iodide\n Common Side Effects\n Patient History\n Blood Chemistry\n Metformin*\n Selection and Preparation of Contrast Media\n Reactions to Contrast Media\n Preparation for Possible Reaction\n Premedication Procedure\n Categories of Contrast Media Reactions*\n Local reactions\n Systemic reactions\n Excretory Urography—Intravenous Urography\n Purpose\n Contraindications\n Glossary of Urinary Pathologic Terms\n Clinical Indications\n Patient Preparation\n Pregnancy Precautions\n Preparation of Radiographic Equipment and Supplies\n Ureteric Compression\n Contraindications to Ureteric Compression\n Alternative Trendelenburg\n General Intravenous Urography Procedure\n Scout Image and Injection\n Basic Imaging Routine (Sample Protocol)\n Alternatives to Routine Examination\n 1. Postrelease or “Spill” Procedure with Ureteric Compression\n 2. Erect Position for Bladder\n 3. Delayed Radiographs\n Nephrogram Versus Nephrotomogram\n Hypertensive Intravenous Urography\n Purpose\n Procedure\n Retrograde Urography\n Purpose\n Procedure\n Retrograde Cystography\n Purpose\n Procedure\n Voiding Cystourethrography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Procedure\n Retrograde Urethrography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Procedure\n Summary of Urinary System Procedures\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n Computed Tomography\n CT Dose Reduction Measures\n Sonography (Ultrasound)\n Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n Nuclear Medicine\n Radiographic Positioning\n Routine and Special Projections\n AP Projection (Scout and Series): Intravenous (Excretory) Urography\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Nephrotomography and Nephrography: Intravenous (Excretory) Urography\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n RPO and LPO Positions: Intravenous (Excretory) Urography\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Intravenous (Excretory) Urography\n Postvoid\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection: Intravenous (Excretory) Urography\n Ureteric Compression\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP Projection • LPO and RPO Positions • Lateral Position (Optional): Cystography\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Patient and Part Positions\n AP\n Posterior oblique\n Lateral\n CR\n AP\n Posterior oblique\n Lateral (optional)\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n RPO (30°) Position—Male • AP Projection—Female: Voiding Cystourethrography\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n Male\n Female\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Resources\n15 Trauma, Mobile, and Surgical Radiography\n Contents\n Equipment, Principles, and Terminology\n Introduction\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Mobile X-Ray Equipment\n Types of Mobile X-Ray Systems\n Battery-Driven, Battery-Operated, Mobile X-Ray Units\n Standard Power Source, Capacitor-Discharge, Non–Motor-Driven Units\n Mobile C-Arm Digital Fluoroscopy Systems\n Maneuverability\n TV monitors and control cart\n Uses of C-arm\n Controls and operation modes\n Foot pedal\n Image Orientation\n C-Arm Orientation and Exposure Patterns\n Vertical posteroanterior projection CR\n Horizontal projection CR\n Vertical AP projection CR\n Radiation Safety with Mobile X-Ray Units\n Operator\n Patient\n Patient Dose\n Radiation Protection\n Positioning Principles for Trauma and Mobile Radiography\n Principle One: Two Projections 90° to Each Other with True CR-Part-IR Alignment\n Exception to True Anteroposterior (PA) and Lateral Principle\n Exception to CR-Part-IR Alignment\n Principle Two: Entire Structure or Trauma Area on Image Receptor\n Upper and Lower Limbs\n “Always Include a Joint” Rule\n Bony Thorax, Chest, and Abdomen\n Horizontal Beam Lateral\n Principle Three: Maintain the Safety of the Patient, Health Care Workers, and the Public\n Alternative Imaging Modalities\n Computed Tomography\n Sonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n Angiography and Interventional Procedures\n Skeletal Trauma and Fracture Terminology\n Dislocation or luxation (luk-sa′-shun)\n Subluxation\n Sprain\n Contusion (kon-tu′-zhun)\n Fracture\n Fracture Alignment Terminology\n Apposition (ap″-o-zish′-un)\n Angulation\n Types of Fractures\n Simple (closed) fx\n Compound (open) fx\n Incomplete (partial) fx\n Complete fx\n Comminuted (kom′-i-nu-ted) fx\n Impacted fx\n Specific Named Fractures\n Barton’s fx\n Baseball (mallet) fx\n Bennett’s fx\n Boxer’s fx\n Colles’ (kol′-ez) fx\n Smith’s (reverse Colles’) fx\n Hangman’s fx\n Hutchinson’s (chauffeur’s) fx\n Monteggia’s (mon-tej′-ahz) fx\n Pott’s fx\n Additional Fracture Types\n Avulsion fx\n Blowout and/or tripod fx\n Chip fx\n Compression fx\n Depressed fx (sometimes called a ping-pong fx)\n Epiphyseal fx\n Pathologic fx\n Stellate fx\n Stress or fatigue fx (sometimes called a “march” fx)\n Trimalleolar fx\n Tuft or burst fx\n Postfracture Reduction\n Closed Reduction\n Open Reduction\n Types of Casts: Small Plaster, Large Plaster, Fiberglass\n Trauma and Mobile Positioning\n AP Chest\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning (For Patient Who Can Be Moved)\n Bedside chest\n CR\n Respiration\n Lateral decubitus AP projection\n AP Oblique and Lateral Sternum\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray\n AP oblique—LPO (Fig. 15-44)\n Respiration\n Lateral horizontal beam (Fig. 15-45)\n AP Ribs—Above or Below Diaphragm and Oblique\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray\n AP above or below diaphragm (Figs. 15-46 and 15-47)\n Oblique above or below diaphragm\n Respiration\n Alternative mediolateral of CR (supine immobile patient)\n AP Abdomen—Supine and Decubitus\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray\n AP supine (Fig. 15-49)\n Left lateral decubitus AP (or PA) projection (Fig. 15-50)\n Respiration\n Dorsal decubitus, lateral position (Fig. 15-51)\n AP (PA) Oblique and Lateral—Fingers, Thumb, Hand, and Wrist\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray—Patient Supine\n AP (PA) hand and/or wrist (Fig. 15-52)\n Alternative AP of fingers (with fingers and hand partially flexed) (Figs. 15-53 and 15-54)\n Oblique and lateral—fingers, hand, and/or wrist (Figs. 15-55 and 15-56)\n PA and lateral thumb\n PA (AP) and Lateral Forearm and Wrist\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray—Patient Supine\n PA (to include both joints on initial examination) (Fig. 15-59)\n Horizontal beam lateral (Fig. 15-60)\n Postreduction forearm and wrist (Figs. 15-61 and 15-62)\n Postreduction radiographs\n PA (AP), Lateral (and Optional Trauma Lateromedials—Coyle Method—Elbow\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray (with Hand Pronated and Elbow Partially Flexed)\n PA (Fig. 15-65)\n Lateral (Fig. 15-66)\n Trauma axiolaterals\n AP and Lateral Humerus\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray (Patient Supine)\n AP (Fig. 15-69)\n Lateral—mid and distal humerus (Fig. 15-70)\n Lateral—proximal humerus (horizontal beam transthoracic lateral) (Fig. 15-71)\n AP and Lateral—Shoulder, Scapula, and Clavicle\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray (Patient Supine)\n AP shoulder (Fig. 15-72)\n Lateral shoulder\n AP scapula (Fig. 15-73)\n Lateral scapular Y—AP oblique (lateromedial scapula) (Figs. 15-74 and 15-75)\n AP and/or AP axial clavicle (Figs. 15-76 and 15-77)\n AP and Lateral—Toes and Foot\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray (Patient Supine, Leg Extended)\n AP foot and/or toes (see Note) (Fig. 15-78)\n CR angle\n CR centering\n Optional oblique foot (Fig. 15-79)\n Lateral foot (lateromedial projection) (Fig. 15-80)\n AP, AP Mortise, and Lateral—Ankle and Leg (Tibia-Fibula)\n Ankle\n Leg (tibia-fibula)\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray (Patient Supine, Leg Extended)\n AP ankle (Fig. 15-81)\n AP ankle mortise (Fig. 15-82)\n Lateral ankle (lateromedial projection) (Fig. 15-83)\n AP leg (tibia and fibula) (Fig. 15-84)\n Lateral leg (lateromedial projection) (Fig. 15-85)\n AP and Lateral—Knee\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray—Patient Supine, Leg Extended\n AP knee (Fig. 15-86)\n Lateral knee (Fig. 15-87)\n Optional medial oblique knee—lateromedial CR angle (Fig. 15-88)\n AP Pelvis, Hip, and Mid and Distal Femur\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n AP pelvis (Fig. 15-91)\n AP hip and proximal femur (Fig. 15-92)\n Axiolateral-Inferosuperior Hip—Danelius-Miller Method\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray—Patient Supine\n Inferosuperior (axiolateral) hip with unilateral hip injury only—Danelius-Miller method (Fig. 15-93)\n AP and Lateral—Cervical Spine\n Technical Factors\n AP\n Lateral\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray\n AP projection (Fig. 15-95)\n AP open mouth—C1 and C2 (Fig. 15-96)\n Optional AP axial C1-C2 region (Fig. 15-97)\n Horizontal beam lateral (C spine) (Fig. 15-98)\n Swimmer’s lateral (Fig. 15-99)\n Cervical Spine—AP Axial Trauma Oblique (LPO and RPO) Projections\n Technical Factors\n Positioning of Patient Supine with Head and Neck Immobilized\n AP and Horizontal Beam Lateral—Thoracic and Lumbar Spine\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and Central Ray—Patient Supine\n AP thoracic spine (Fig. 15-102)\n Lateral thoracic spine (Fig. 15-104)\n Optional swimmer’s lateral (Fig. 15-99)\n AP lumbar spine (Fig. 15-103)\n Lateral lumbar spine (Fig. 15-105)\n Optional lateral L5-S1 (not shown):\n Lateral Trauma Skull—Horizontal Beam Projection\n Technical Factors\n Positioning—Patient Supine\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP 0°, AP 15° (Reverse Caldwell), and AP 30° Axial (Towne)—Skull\n Technical Factors\n Positioning—Patient Supine\n CR\n AP 0° to orbitomeatal line projection (Figs. 15-109 and 15-112)\n AP 15° “reverse Caldwell” projection (Figs. 15-110 and 15-113)\n AP axial (Towne) projection (Figs. 15-111 and 15-115)\n Recommended Collimation\n AP 0°, AP 15° (Reverse Caldwell), and AP 30° Axial (Towne)—Skull\n AP versus PA\n Exposure to neck and thyroid\n Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters Method) and Lateral Facial Bones\n Technical Factors\n Positioning—Patient Supine\n Acanthioparietal—reverse Waters\n Optional modified acanthioparietal—modified reverse Waters\n Lateral (Figs. 15-117 and 15-118)\n AP, AP Axial, and Axiolateral Oblique—Mandible\n Technical Factors\n Positioning—Patient Supine\n CR\n AP axial\n Axiolateral oblique\n Surgical Radiography\n Essential Attributes of the Surgical Technologist\n Confidence\n Mastery\n Problem-Solving Skills\n Communication\n Radiation Protection in the Operating Room\n Surgical Team\n Surgeon\n Anesthesiologist\n Surgical Assistant\n Certified Surgical Technologist\n Circulator\n Scrub\n Surgical Suite Environment\n Surgical Asepsis\n Asepsis: Absence of Infectious Organisms\n Sterile Fields\n Image Receptor Plastic Covers\n Surgical Attire\n Scrubs\n Scrub Cover\n Head Cover\n Shoe Covers\n Shoes\n Masks\n Protective Eyewear\n Nonsterile Gloves\n Imaging Equipment Used in Surgery\n Cleaning\n Operational Check\n Proper Equipment Location\n Radiation Protection in the Surgical Suite\n Protective Lead Aprons\n Use of Intermittent Fluoroscopy\n Minimize Boost Exposures\n Vertical Alignment\n Minimize Distance between Anatomy and Image Receptor\n Coordination of Exposure with Surgical Team\n Monitor Personal Dosimetry Report\n Surgical Radiographic Procedures\n Surgical Procedures of the Biliary Tract\n Operative (Immediate) Cholangiography\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n C-arm digital fluoroscopic cholangiography\n Mobile radiographic cholangiography\n Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy\n Advantages of Laparoscopy\n Summary of Procedures for Operative and Laparoscopic Cholangiography\n Images Obtained\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Surgical Procedures of the Urinary Tract\n Retrograde Urography\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n Summary of Procedure\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Orthopedic Procedures\n Orthopedic Surgical Terminology and Concepts\n Closed reduction\n Open reduction\n Internal fixation\n External fixation\n Intramedullary fixation\n Hip Fractures (Pinning, Open Reduction with Internal Fixation)\n Overview of Procedure\n Imaging Equipment Used and Setup\n Lateral Hip C-Arm Projection\n Summary of Procedure\n Total Hip Replacement (Arthroplasty)\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Long Bone Intramedullary Nail or Rod (Internal Fixators)\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n Summary of Procedure\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Surgical Procedures of the Spine\n Laminectomy\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n Summary of Procedure\n Cervical procedure (anterior approach)\n Lumbar procedure (posterior approach)\n Anatomy Demonstrated\n Microdiskectomy\n Scoliosis Corrective Surgery\n Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty\n Surgical Procedures of the Chest\n Pacemaker Insertion\n Overview of Procedure\n Equipment Used and Setup\n Summary of Procedure—Transvenous Approach\n Glossary of Surgical Abbreviations, Terminology, and Procedures\n16 Pediatric Radiography\n Contents\n Introduction and Principles\n Introduction\n Age of Understanding and Cooperation\n Pre-Examination Introduction and Child and Parent Evaluation\n Introduction of Technologist\n Evaluation of Parent’s Role\n Immobilization\n Other Forms of Immobilization\n Wrapping with Sheets or Towels (“Mummifying”)\n Bone Development (Ossification)\n Child Abuse\n Classification\n Radiographic Indications\n Classic Metaphyseal Lesion\n Rib Fractures\n Healing Fractures\n Radiographic Imaging\n Alternative Imaging Modalities\n CT\n MRI\n Sonography\n Nuclear Medicine\n Radiation Protection\n Minimizing Exposure Dose\n Gonadal Protection\n Parent Protection\n Pre-examination Preparation\n Child Preparation\n Digital Imaging Considerations\n Alternative Modalities\n CT\n Reducing Pediatric Dose during CT*\n Sonography\n MRI\n Nuclear Medicine\n Clinical Indications\n Pediatric Chest\n 1. Aspiration (mechanical obstruction)\n 2. Asthma\n 3. Croup\n 4. Cystic fibrosis\n 5. Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)\n 6. Hyaline membrane disease\n 7. Meconium aspiration syndrome\n 8. Thyroid gland disorders\n Congenital goiter\n Cretinism\n Neonatal Graves’ disease\n Pediatric Skeletal System\n 1. Craniostenosis (craniosynostosis)\n 2. Developmental dysplasia of hip\n 3. Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis\n 4. Osteochondrodysplasia\n Achondroplasia\n 5. Osteochondrosis\n Kohler’s bone disease\n Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease\n Osgood-Schlatter disease\n Scheuermann’s disease\n 6. Osteogenesis imperfecta\n 7. Infantile osteomalacia (rickets)\n 8. Salter-Harris fractures\n 9. Spina bifida\n Meningocele\n Myelocele\n Spina bifida occulta\n 10. Talipes (clubfoot)\n Pediatric Abdomen\n 1. Atresias (or clausura)\n 2. Hematuria\n 3. Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital megacolon)\n 4. Hypospadias\n Epispadias\n 5. Intestinal obstruction\n Ileus\n Intussusception\n Meconium ileus\n Volvulus\n 6. Necrotizing enterocolitis\n 7. Polycystic kidney disease (infantile or childhood)\n 8. Pyelonephritis\n 9. Pyloric stenosis\n 10. Tumors (neoplasms)\n Neuroblastoma\n Wilms’ tumor\n 11. Urinary tract infection\n 12. Vesicoureteral reflux\n Radiographic Positioning (Chest and Skeletal System)\n AP and PA Chest Projection: Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—with Patient Supine\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP and PA Chest Projection: Chest\n Erect PA Chest with Pigg-O-Stat\n Patient Position—with Patient Erect\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Chest Position: Chest\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position—with Patient Recumbent\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Lateral Chest Position: Chest\n Erect Lateral Chest with Pigg-O-Stat\n Patient Position—with Patient Erect\n Procedure if lateral follows PA projection\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP and Lateral Upper Limbs\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part to Be Positioned\n AP\n Lateral\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n AP and Lateral Lower Limbs\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position and CR\n AP and lateral\n AP and Lateral Leg, AP and Lateral Foot—kite Method\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position and CR\n AP leg\n Lateral leg\n Recommended Collimation\n AP and Lateral Foot\n AP foot\n Lateral foot\n Recommended Collimation\n Talipes (Congenital Clubfoot)—Kite Method\n AP and Lateral Pelvis and Hips\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n AP\n Lateral\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n AP, AP Reverse Caldwell, and AP Towne Skull Projections\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Lateral Skull Position: Skull (Head)\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Radiographic Procedures of Pediatric Abdomen\n Differences between Children and Adults\n Patient Preparation for Contrast Media Procedures\n Upper GI Tract\n Lower GI Tract\n Contraindications\n Newborn to 2 years\n Children 2 to 10 years\n Children older than 10 years to adult\n Intravenous Urogram\n AP Projection (KUB): Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n Newborns and young infants\n Infants and toddlers\n CR\n Respiration\n AP Erect Abdomen Projection: Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n CR\n Respiration\n Lateral Decubitus and Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient and Part Position\n Lateral decubitus\n Dorsal and ventral decubitus\n CR\n Respiration\n Upper GI Tract Study\n Barium Swallow, Upper GI, and Small Bowel Combination Study\n Clinical Indications\n Room Preparation\n Shielding\n Barium Preparation\n Patient and Parent Preparation\n Procedure\n Drinking barium\n Fluoroscopy Positioning Sequence\n Small Bowel Follow-Through\n Postprocedure Instructions\n Lower GI Tract Study—barium Enema\n Single-Contrast, Double-Contrast, or Air Enema\n Clinical Indications\n Contrast Media and Materials—Barium Enema, Single-Contrast\n Children older than 1 year\n Neonates (newborn to 1 year)\n All patients\n Contrast Media and Materials—Barium Enema, Double-Contrast\n Air Enema\n Materials\n Room Preparation\n Shielding\n Patient and Parent Preparation\n Procedure\n Fluoroscopy and spot imaging\n After Reduction of Intussusception following Air or Barium Enema\n Postprocedure Tasks\n Genitourinary System Study—Voiding Cystourethrogram\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Genitourinary System Study—Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)\n Preparation\n Contrast Media and Materials\n Room Preparation\n Patient and Parent Preparation\n Procedure\n Postprocedure Tasks\n17 Angiography and Interventional Procedures\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Introduction\n Definition\n Divisions or Components of the Circulatory System\n Cardiovascular System\n Functions\n Blood Components\n Systemic Circulation\n Arteries\n Veins\n Pulmonary Circulation\n General Systemic Circulation\n Heart\n Coronary Arteries\n Coronary Veins\n Cerebral Arteries\n Blood Supply to Brain\n Branches of Aortic Arch\n Neck and Head Arteries\n External Carotid Artery Branches\n Internal Carotid Artery\n Anterior Cerebral Artery\n Middle Cerebral Artery\n Internal Carotid Arteriogram\n Vertebrobasilar Arteries\n Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)\n Vertebrobasilar Arteriogram\n Cerebral Veins\n Great Veins of Neck\n Dural Venous Sinuses\n Cranial Venous System\n Thoracic Circulatory System\n Thoracic Arteries\n Thoracic Veins\n Abdominal Circulatory System\n Abdominal Arteries\n Abdominal Veins\n Hepatic Portal System (Hepatoportal System)\n Peripheral Circulatory System\n Upper Limb Arteries\n Upper Limb Veins\n Lower Limb Arteries\n Lower Limb Veins\n Lymphatic System\n Lymph Drainage\n Functions\n Lymphography\n Angiographic Procedures\n Overview\n Angiography Team\n Consent and Patient Care before Procedure\n Vessel Access for Contrast Media Injection\n Seldinger Technique\n Step 1. Insertion of compound (Seldinger) needle\n Step 2. Placement of needle in lumen of vessel\n Step 3. Insertion of guidewire\n Step 4. Removal of needle\n Step 5. Threading of catheter to area of interest\n Step 6. Removal of guidewire\n Angiographic Tray\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Radiation Protection\n Contraindications\n Risks and Complications\n Postprocedural Care\n Procedure Modifications\n Pediatric Applications\n Geriatric Applications\n Angiographic Imaging Equipment\n Angiographic Room\n Equipment Requirements\n Digital Acquisition\n Digital Subtraction Angiography\n Post-Processing Images\n Automatic Electromechanical Contrast Media Injector\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n CT\n Nuclear Medicine\n Sonography\n Magnetic Resonance Angiography\n Rotational Angiography\n 3D Rotational Angiography\n Alternative Contrast Media: CO2 and Gadolinium\n Specific Angiographic Procedures\n Cerebral Angiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Catheterization\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Common carotid arteriography\n Internal carotid arteriography\n Thoracic Angiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Catheterization\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Thoracic aortogram\n Pulmonary arteriogram\n Angiocardiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Catheterization\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Abdominal Angiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Catheterization\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Peripheral Angiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Catheterization\n Contrast Media\n Imaging\n Lower limb\n Upper limb\n Interventional Imaging Procedures\n Definition and Purpose\n Vascular Interventional Procedures\n Embolization\n Uterine fibroid embolization\n Uterine artery embolization\n Chemoembolization\n Intracranial endovascular coil embolization\n Risks and complications\n Examples\n Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stent Placement\n Angioplasty\n Stent placement\n Risks and complications\n Stent-Graft Placement\n Risks and complications\n IVC Filter\n Risks and complications\n Insertion of Venous Access Devices\n Risks and complications\n Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt\n Risks and complications\n Thrombolysis\n Risks and complications\n Infusion Therapy\n Extraction of Vascular Foreign Bodies\n Risks and complications\n Nonvascular Interventional Procedures\n Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty\n Vertebroplasty\n Kyphoplasty\n Risks and complications\n Enteric Stent Placement\n Risks and complications\n Nephrostomy\n Percutaneous Biliary Drainage\n Percutaneous Abdominal Abscess Drainage\n Needle aspiration\n Catheter drainage\n Percutaneous Needle Biopsy\n Percutaneous Gastrostomy\n Radiofrequency Ablation\n Resources\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n Interventional Angiography\n18 Computed Tomography\n Contents\n Radiographic Anatomy\n Gross Anatomy of the CNS—Brain and Spinal Cord\n Neurons\n Divisions of CNS\n Summary of Spinal Cord Anatomy\n Brain and Spinal Cord Coverings—Meninges\n Dura mater\n Pia mater\n Arachnoid\n Meningeal Spaces\n Epidural space\n Subdural space\n Subarachnoid space\n Three Divisions of Brain\n Brainstem\n Forebrain\n Cerebrum\n Five Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere\n Cerebral Hemispheres\n Cerebral Ventricles\n Lateral Ventricles\n Third Ventricle\n Fourth Ventricle\n Superior View of Ventricles\n Anterior View of Ventricles\n Subarachnoid Cisterns\n Cisternal Puncture\n Thalamus\n Hypothalamus\n Midbrain and Hindbrain\n Brainstem\n Pituitary and Pineal Glands\n Cerebellum\n Gray Matter and White Matter\n Summary—white Matter Versus Gray Matter\n White Matter\n Gray Matter\n Cerebral Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)\n Brain—inferior Surface\n Cranial Nerves\n Orbital Cavity\n Orbital Cavities (Superior View)\n Visual Pathway\n Basic Principles\n Basic Principles of CT\n Introduction\n CT Terminology\n Evolution of CT\n First-Generation and Second-Generation Scanners\n Third-Generation Scanner\n Fourth-Generation Scanner\n Volume CT Scanners\n Advantages\n Multislice CT Scanners\n Advantages\n CT System Components\n Gantry\n X-ray tube\n Detector array\n Collimator assembly\n Computer\n Operator Console\n Networking and Archiving\n Image Reconstruction\n Volume Element (Voxel)\n Attenuation (Differential Absorption) of Each Voxel\n Converting 3D Voxels to 2D Pixels\n Computed Gray Scale and CT Numbers\n Window Width and Window Level (Window Center)\n Pitch with volume scanners\n Image reconstruction summary\n Clinical Application of CT\n CT Versus Conventional Radiography\n Patient Communication and Consent\n Procedure\n Viewing CT Images\n Intravenous Contrast Media\n Contrast Media and Blood-Brain Barrier\n Radiation Dose\n Patient dose\n Pediatric CT scans\n Technologist and personnel exposure\n Cranial CT—Head CT\n Introduction\n Pathologic Indications\n Head CT Procedure\n Sectional Anatomy\n Axial Sections of Brain\n Examples of Pathology\n Metastatic Lesion\n Subdural Hematoma\n Subarachnoid Hemorrhage\n Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)\n Hydrocephalus\n Additional CT Procedures\n Neck CT\n Musculoskeletal CT\n Spine CT\n Specialized CT Procedures\n 3D Reconstruction\n CT (Virtual) Endoscopy\n CT Enteroclysis\n CT Angiography\n Cardiac CT and Coronary CT Angiography\n CT Fluoroscopy\n Interventional CT\n Percutaneous Biopsy\n Percutaneous Abscess Drainage\n Glossary of CT Terms\n Resources\n19 Special Radiographic Procedures\n Contents\n Introduction\n Arthrography\n Introduction\n Knee Arthrography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Needle Placement and Injection Process\n Positioning Routines\n Radiographic Routines\n Conventional or Digital Fluoroscopic Imaging\n Evaluation criteria\n Conventional “Overhead” Projections\n Evaluation criteria\n Shoulder Arthrography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Needle Placement and Injection Process\n Positioning and Imaging Sequence\n CT and MRI Arthrography\n Biliary Duct Procedures\n Postoperative (T-Tube or Delayed) Cholangiography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Residual calculi\n Strictures\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Injection Process\n Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiographic Pancreatography\n Endoscopy\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Residual calculi\n Strictures\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Injection Process\n Hysterosalpingography\n Introduction\n Anatomy\n Uterus\n Uterine tubes\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Infertility assessment\n Demonstration of intrauterine pathology\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory and Optional Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Cannula or Catheter Placement and Injection Process\n Positioning\n Radiographic Routine\n Digital Fluoroscopy or Conventional Imaging\n Radiography\n Evaluation Criteria\n Myelography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Imaging Equipment\n Accessory and Optional Equipment\n Contrast Media\n Dosages\n Needle Placement and Injection Process\n Positioning\n Fluoroscopy or Spot Imaging or Digital Fluoroscopy or Imaging\n Radiographic Myelography Positioning (after Fluoroscopy)\n Cervical Region\n Horizontal Beam Lateral\n Swimmer’s Lateral Horizontal Beam\n Thoracic Region\n Right Lateral Decubitus Position—AP or PA Projection with Horizontal Beam\n Left Lateral Decubitus Position—AP or PA Projection with Horizontal Beam\n Right or Left Lateral—Vertical Beam\n Lumbar Region\n Semierect Lateral—Horizontal Beam\n Radiographs\n Evaluation Criteria (for All Levels of Spinal Column)\n CT Myelography\n Orthoroentgenography\n Purpose\n Clinical Indications—Limb Length Discrepancies\n Lower Limb Measurement (Unilateral or Bilateral on Same IR)\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and CR—Unilateral Exposure\n AP Hip (Figs. 19-49 and 19-50)\n AP Knee (Figs. 19-51 and 19-52)\n AP Ankle (Figs. 19-53 and 19-54)\n Upper Limb Measurement\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Positioning and CR\n AP Shoulder (Figs. 19-55 and 19-56)\n AP Elbow (Figs. 19-57 and 19-58)\n AP Wrist (Figs. 19-59 and 19-60)\n Hip-to-Ankle Long Bone Measurement\n Technical Factors\n Positioning and CR\n Evaluation Criteria\n Long Bone Measurement on CT (CT Scanogram)\n Conventional Tomography\n Purpose\n Terminology\n Imaging Equipment\n Control Console\n Basic Principles\n Fulcrum\n Determining Fulcrum Level and Centering\n Determining Sectional Thickness (Object Plane Thickness)\n20 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities\n Content\n Introduction\n Nuclear Medicine\n Definition and Introduction\n Nuclear Imaging Equipment\n Clinical Applications\n Bone Scan\n Genitourinary Studies\n Gastrointestinal Studies\n Heart (Cardiac) Studies\n Lung Scan\n Thyroid Uptake Study\n Nuclear Medicine Team\n Glossary of Nuclear Medicine Terms*\n PET\n Definition and Description\n Comparison With Nuclear Medicine\n Use of Positrons\n PET Scanner\n Positron-Emitting Elements\n Cyclotron\n PET/CT Fusion Technology (Coregistration)\n Anatomic and Functional Image Coregistration\n Clinical Applications\n Oncology (Study of Tumors)\n Cardiology\n Coronary Artery Disease\n Neurology\n Epilepsy\n Brain Mapping\n Central Nervous System Tumor Imaging\n Evaluation of Dementia\n Radiation Oncology Therapy\n Definition and Introduction\n External Beam Irradiation\n Brachytherapy\n Radiation Oncology Team\n Resources (Radiation Oncology Therapy)\n Sonography\n Definition and Introduction\n History and Physical Principles of Ultrasound\n A-mode\n Patient-mode\n Real-time imaging\n Doppler\n Digital system\n Limitations and Advantages of Sonography in Medical Imaging\n Advances in Sonography\n Clinical Applications\n Abdomen\n Obstetrics and Gynecology\n Cardiac\n Imaging of Small Parts\n Vascular Imaging\n Musculoskeletal Imaging\n Sonography Team Members\n Glossary of Sonography Terms\n Mammography and Bone Densitometry\n Mammography\n Breast Cancer\n Mammography Quality Standards Act\n Anatomy of the Breast\n Surface Anatomy\n Sagittal Section Anatomy\n Methods of Localization\n Frontal View Anatomy\n Breast Tissue Types\n Summary\n Breast Classifications\n Fibroglandular Breast\n Fibrofatty Breast\n Fatty Breast\n Summary\n Radiographic Positioning\n Positioning and Technical Considerations\n Patient Preparation\n Breast Positioning\n X-Ray Tube\n AEC Chamber Selection\n Compression*\n Magnification\n Patient Dose\n Analog (Film-Screen) Mammography\n Digital Mammography\n Computed Radiography Mammography\n Operating Costs\n Telemammography\n Archiving and PACS Options\n Image Manipulation\n Direct Digital Radiography\n Digital Versus Analog (Film-Screen) Mammography\n Computer-Aided Detection Systems\n Alternative Modalities and Procedures\n Sonography (Ultrasound)\n Conventional Scanner and Handheld Transducer\n Nuclear Medicine\n Pet Mammography\n Breast-Specific Gamma Imaging\n MRI\n Advantages of MRI\n Breast Implants\n Disadvantages of MRI\n Digital Breast Tomosynthesis\n Pathologic Indications\n Breast carcinoma (cancer)\n Cysts\n Fibroadenoma\n Fibrocystic changes\n Gynecomastia\n Intraductal papilloma\n Paget’s disease of the nipple\n Terminology and Abbreviations\n Mammographic Examination\n Routine Projections\n Special Projections (Additional Views)\n Craniocaudal (CC) Projection: Mammography\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Posterior nipple line\n Mediolateral Oblique (MlO) Projection: Mammography\n Superomedial-Inferolateral Oblique\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Special Projections (Additional Views): Mammography\n Mediolateral (ML) Projection: True Lateral Breast Position\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Recommended Collimation\n Respiration\n Special Projections (Additional Views): Mammography\n Exaggerated Craniocaudal (Laterally) (XCCL) Projection\n Clinical Indications\n Technical Factors\n Shielding\n Patient Position\n Part Position\n CR\n Collimation\n Respiration\n Special Projections (Additional Views): Mammography\n Implant Displaced (ID) (Eklund Method)*\n Clinical Indications\n Eklund Method\n Exception\n Manual exposure techniques\n Radiographs for Critique\n Bone Densitometry\n Introduction\n History\n Composition of Bone\n Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts\n Bone Mineral Content Versus Bone Mineral Density\n Purpose\n Clinical Risk Factors and Indications\n BMD and Fracture Risk\n Assessment of Fracture Risk\n World Health Organization Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis\n Osteoporosis Management\n Estrogen\n Mode of action\n SERMs\n Mode of action\n Bisphosphonates\n Mode of action\n Calcitonin\n Mode of action\n Parathyroid Hormone\n Mode of action\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Major Equipment Methods and Techniques\n Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry\n z Score\n T Score\n Quantitative Computed Tomography\n Quantitative Ultrasound\n Radiation Safety\n Site Selection and Method\n Positioning (For DXA)\n Spine\n Hip\n Forearm\n Body Habitus\n DXA Precision and Accuracy\n Accuracy\n Vertebral Fracture Assessment\n Summary\n Resources (Mammography and Bone Densitometry)\n MRI\n Definition and Introduction\n Comparison with Radiography\n Comparison with CT\n Clinical Applications\n Physical Principles of MRI\n Interaction of Nuclei With Magnetic Fields\n Precession\n Sending A Radio Signal to Precessing Nuclei\n Resonance\n Receiving the MRI Signal From Body Tissues\n Relaxation\n T1 Relaxation\n T2 Relaxation\n Spin Density\n Summary\n Magnets\n Resistive Magnets\n Permanent Magnets\n Superconducting Magnets\n Flared and Short Bore Design\n Open MRI System\n New High-Field Strength Systems\n Clinical Applications\n Contraindications\n Patient Preparation\n Relieving Patient Anxiety\n Patient Monitoring\n Summary\n Basic Safety Considerations\n Potential Hazards of Projectiles\n Electrical Interference With Electromechanical Implants\n Torquing of Metallic Objects\n Local Heating of Tissues and Metallic Objects\n Electrical Interference With Normal Functions of Nerve Cells and Muscle Fibers\n Pregnancy\n Occupational Hazards\n Patient History\n Contrast Agents\n Appearance of Anatomy\n Summary of T1-Weighted and T2-Weighted Images\n Sample MRI Examinations\n Brain Imaging\n Comparisons with CT\n T1-Weighted Images\n T2-Weighted Images\n Spine Imaging\n Comparison with CT\n T1-Weighted Images\n T2-Weighted Images\n Joint and Limb Imaging\n T1-Weighted Images\n T2-Weighted Images\n Abdomen and Pelvis Imaging\n T1-Weighted Images\n T2-Weighted Images\n Physiologic Gating\n Functional MRI\n Advantages of fMRI over PET\n Glossary of MRI Terms*\n Clinical Indications\n Terms Related to MRI\n Resources (MRI)\n Resources (Sonography)\nAppendix Answer Key: Radiographs for Critique\n Chapter 2: Chest (p. 102)\n A. PA chest (Fig. C2-91)\n B. PA chest (Fig. C2-92)\n C. Lateral chest (Fig. C2-93)\n D. PA chest (Fig. C2-94)\n E. Lateral chest (Fig. C2-95)\n Chapter 3: Abdomen (p. 123)\n A. Left lateral decubitus abdomen (Fig. C3-48)\n B. AP supine abdomen—KUB (Fig. C3-49)\n C. AP supine abdomen—KUB (Fig. C3-50)\n D. AP erect abdomen (Fig. C3-51)\n Chapter 4: Upper Limb (p. 172)\n A. PA hand (Fig. C4-159)\n B. Lateral wrist (Fig. C4-160)\n C. AP elbow (Fig. C4-161)\n D. PA wrist with ulnar deviation (Fig. C4-162)\n E. PA forearm—infant (Fig. C4-163)\n F. Lateral elbow (Fig. C4-164)\n Chapter 5: Humerus and Shoulder Girdle (p. 205)\n A. AP clavicle (Fig. C5-96)\n B. AP shoulder—external rotation (Fig. C5-97)\n C. AP scapula (Fig. C5-98)\n D. AP humerus (Fig. C5-99)\n Chapter 6: Lower Limb (p. 259)\n A. Bilateral tangential patella (Fig. C6-141)\n B. Plantodorsal (axial) calcaneus (Fig. C6-142)\n C. AP mortise ankle (Fig. C6-143)\n D. AP lower limb—infant (Fig. C6-144)\n E. Lateral knee (Fig. C6-145)\n F. AP medial oblique knee (Fig. C6-146)\n Chapter 7: Femur and Pelvic Girdle (p. 287)\n A. AP pelvis (Fig. C7-77)\n B. AP pelvis (Fig. C7-78)\n C. Unilateral frog-leg projection (performed during cystogram) (Fig. C7-79)\n D. Bilateral frog-leg projection (Fig. C7-80)\n Chapter 8: Cervical and Thoracic Spine (p. 321)\n A. AP open mouth (C1-C2) (Fig. C8-91)\n B. AP open mouth (C1-C2) (Fig. C8-92)\n C. AP axial projection (Fig. C8-93)\n D. Right posterior oblique cervical spine (Fig. C8-94)\n E. Lateral (trauma) cervical spine (Fig. C8-95)\n F. AP projection—Fuchs method (Fig. C8-96)\n G. AP thoracic spine (Fig. C8-97)\n Chapter 9: Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx (p. 351)\n A. Lateral lumbar spine (Fig. C9-83)\n B. Lateral lumbar spine (Fig. C9-84)\n C. Lateral L5-S1 (Fig. C9-85)\n D. RPO lumbar spine (Fig. C9-86)\n E. AP lumbar spine (Fig. C9-87)\n F. LPO lumbar spine (Fig. C9-88)\n G. AP lumbar spine (Fig. C9-89)\n Chapter 10: Bony Thorax—Sternum and Ribs (p. 371)\n A. Bilateral ribs above diaphragm (Fig. C10-46)\n B. Oblique sternum (Fig. C10-47)\n C. Ribs below diaphragm (Fig. C10-48)\n D. Lateral sternum (Fig. C10-49)\n Chapter 11 Cranium, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses (p. 441)\n Critique Radiographs of Cranium\n A. Lateral skull: 4-year-old (Fig. C11-198)\n B. Lateral skull: 54-year-old, post-traumatic injury (Fig. C11-199)\n C. AP axial (Towne) skull (Fig. C11-200)\n D. AP or PA skull (Fig. C11-201)\n E. AP or PA skull (Fig. C11-202)\n Critique Radiographs of Facial Bones\n A. Parietoacanthial (Waters) projection (Fig. C11-203)\n B. SMV mandible (Fig. C11-204)\n C. Optic foramina, parieto-orbital oblique—Rhese method (Fig. C11-205)\n D. Optic foramina, parieto-orbital oblique—Rhese method (Fig. C11-206)\n E. Lateral facial bones (Fig. C11-207)\n Critique Radiographs of Paranasal Sinuses\n A. Parietoacanthial transoral (open mouth Waters) (Fig. C11-208)\n B. Parietoacanthial (Waters) (Fig. C11-209)\n C. Submentovertex (SMV) (Fig. C11-210)\n D. Sinuses—lateral projection (Fig. C11-211)\n Chapter 20: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities (p. 766)\n Critique Radiographs of the Breast\n A. CC projection (Fig. C20-77)\n B. MLO projection (Fig. C20-78)\n C. CC projection (Fig. C20-79)\n D. MLO projection (Fig. C20-80)\n E. CC projection (Fig. C20-81)\n F. CC projection (Fig. C20-82)\nIndex\n A\n B\n C\n D\n E\n F\n G\n H\n I\n J\n K\n L\n M\n N\n O\n P\n Q\n R\n S\n T\n U\n V\n W\n X\n Z