دانلود کتاب The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture

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Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 13
Introduction: Evolutionary Psychology and Conceptual Integration......Page 17
Conceptual Integration in the Behavioral and Social Sciences......Page 18
Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Psychology and Biology......Page 21
Complementary Approaches to Functional Analysis......Page 23
The Harvest of Conceptual Integration......Page 25
Notes......Page 27
References......Page 28
I. The Evolutionary and Psychological Foundations of the Social Sciences......Page 31
Introduction: The Unity of Science......Page 33
The Central Logic of the Standard Social Science Model......Page 38
The Standard Social Science Model\'s Treatment of Culture......Page 45
On the Reasonableness of the Standard Social Science Model......Page 47
The Case Against Nativism......Page 48
Wrong Diagnosis, Wrong Cure......Page 50
The Malleability of Psychological Architecture versus the Volatility of Behavioral Outcomes......Page 52
The Division of Labor: Content-Independent Psychology......Page 54
The Division of Labor: Particularistic, Content-Specific Anthropology......Page 55
Discovering Regularities Depends on Selecting Appropriate Frames of Reference......Page 57
Beneath Variable Behavior Lie Universal Mechanism......Page 59
The Search for the Artificer......Page 60
The Division of Labor: The Social Sciences versus the Natural Sciences......Page 62
Rediscovering the Relevance of Evolutionary Biology......Page 63
Reproduction, Feedback, and the Construction of Organic Design......Page 64
The Peculiar Nature of Biological Functionality......Page 67
What Adaptations Look Like......Page 69
Adaptations, By-products, and Random Effects......Page 75
Capturing Invariance in Functional Organization: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroscience Descriptions......Page 77
Where Evolutionary Biology and Cognitive Psychology Meet......Page 81
The Impact of Recurrent Environmental and Organismic Structure on the Design of Adaptations......Page 83
The Central Elements of Evolutionary Functional Analysis......Page 87
Development from an Adaptationist Perspective......Page 91
Selection Regulates How Environments Shape Organisms......Page 96
The Impact of the Recurrent Structure of Human Life and Human Culture on the Design of Psychological Adaptations......Page 102
The Decline of Standard Model Psychology......Page 107
Solvability and the Formal Analysis of Natural Competences......Page 108
The Rise of Domain-Specific Psychology......Page 111
From Flexibility to Adaptive Flexibility......Page 114
The Weakness of Content-Independent Architectures......Page 116
The Necessity of Frames......Page 120
The Evolvability Criterion and Standard Model Architectures......Page 122
The Content-Specific Road to Adaptive Flexibility......Page 126
The Pluralistic Analysis of Human Culture and Mental Organization......Page 128
Inferential Reconstruction and Culture Epidemiology......Page 131
The Twilight of Learning as a Social Science Explanation......Page 136
Notes......Page 137
Acknowledgments......Page 138
References......Page 139
2. On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior......Page 151
The Adaptationist Program......Page 154
The Evolutionary Psychology of Sexual Attractiveness......Page 155
Evolutionary Psychology and Social Science......Page 159
Darwinian Social Science......Page 160
Adaptation and Adaptiveness......Page 162
Reproduction Mindedness......Page 165
Prediction and Knowledge......Page 166
Conclusion......Page 169
Note......Page 170
References......Page 171
II. Cooperation......Page 175
Research Background......Page 177
Standard Analyses of the Evolution of Altruism......Page 181
Game-Theoretic Constraints on the Evolution of Social Exchange......Page 184
Cognitive Processes......Page 193
The Wason Selection Task......Page 195
Did the Social Contract Problems Elicit Superior Performance Because They Were Familiar?......Page 198
Does Social Contract Content Simply Facilitate Logical Reasoning......Page 201
Is There a Cheater Detection Procedure, or Are People Simply Good at Reasoning about Social Contracts?......Page 207
Are Cost-Benefit Representations Necessary, or Are Subjects Good at Detecting Violations of Any Rule Involving Permission?......Page 213
Summary of Experimental Findings......Page 219
Cultural Forms Are Structured by Our Universal, Evolved Psychology......Page 220
Intergroup Differences: Evoked Culture and Transmitted Culture......Page 223
Open Questions in the Psychology of Social Exchange......Page 224
Luck and Sharing......Page 226
The Ache: Within-Group Evidence for Evoked Culture......Page 227
!Kung San Versus //Gana San: Between-Group Evidence for Evoked Culture......Page 228
Local Conditions and Evoked Culture......Page 229
Varieties of Hunter-Gatherer Exchange......Page 230
Interpreting Other Cultures and Understanding Cultural Change......Page 232
Conclusions......Page 234
Notes......Page 235
References......Page 239
Introduction: Food Sharing in Hominization......Page 243
Chimpanzee Life......Page 245
Chimpanzee Food Sharing......Page 246
Callitrichid Life......Page 247
Callitrichid Food Sharing......Page 248
Human Versus Chimpanzee Food Sharing......Page 249
Chimpanzee Versus Callitrichid Models......Page 252
Acknowledgments......Page 254
References......Page 255
III. The Psychology of Mating and Sex......Page 259
Selection Pressures Creating Male Mate Preferences......Page 263
Selection Pressures Creating Female Mate Preferences......Page 265
Selection Pressures Exerted by Preferences on Tactics of Intrasexual Competition......Page 266
Empirical Findings on Mate Preferences......Page 267
Effects of Preference Mechanisms on Actual Behavior......Page 270
Implications for Intrasexual Competition: Tactics for Attracting and Retaining Mates......Page 271
Origins of Mate Preferences: Ontogenetic and Sociocultural Speculations......Page 275
Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
6. The Evolution of Sexual Attraction: Evaluative Mechanisms in Women......Page 281
Status......Page 282
Economic Status......Page 283
Ornamentation......Page 284
Willingness to Invest......Page 286
Structural Powerlessness......Page 287
Physical Dominance......Page 288
High-Dominance Personality......Page 289
Body Language......Page 291
Physiognomy......Page 292
Height......Page 293
A Mate Choice Paradox......Page 295
Mate Preferences in an unknown culture......Page 297
References......Page 299
The Evolutionary Logic of Male Sexual Proprietariness......Page 303
Why Male Sexual Proprietariness?......Page 305
Sexual Proprietariness on the Wing......Page 306
Swallows......Page 307
Dunnocks......Page 309
The Human Male\'s Problem......Page 311
Strict Female Monogamy Has Not Characterized Human Sexual Selective History......Page 313
Monopolizing Women......Page 314
The Psychology of Jealousy......Page 316
The Aftermath of Rape......Page 319
Paternity Confidence and Paternal Effort......Page 320
Marital Alliance......Page 323
Women as Men\'s Legal Property......Page 324
Acknowledgments......Page 327
Notes......Page 328
References......Page 329
IV. Parental Care and Children......Page 337
8. Pregnancy Sickness as Adaptation: A Deterrent to Maternal Ingestion of Teratogens......Page 341
All Plants Manufucture Toxins......Page 342
Many Plants Contain Teratogens......Page 344
Pregnancy Sickness Coincides with Organogenesis......Page 345
Olfactory Cues of Toxicity Elicit Pregnancy Sickness......Page 347
A Network of Mechanisms Minimizes Embryonic Exposure to Toxins......Page 350
Pregnancy Sickness Probably Involves the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)......Page 352
Pregnancy Sickness Is Probably Triggered Hormonally......Page 353
“Morning Sickness”......Page 354
Various “Anomalous” Mechanisms Protect Against Toxins......Page 355
Hunter-Gatherers Had Intense Selection Pressures for Pregnancy Sickness......Page 357
Pregnancy Sickness Is Cross-Cultural......Page 359
Pregnancy Sickness Reduces the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion......Page 362
Cues of Pleistocene Toxicity Elicit Pregnancy Sickness......Page 364
Agricultural Toxins Only Elicit Pregnancy Sickness if They Emit Cues of Pleistocene Toxicity......Page 366
Conclusion......Page 368
References......Page 370
Evolutionary Models......Page 381
Selection Pressures......Page 383
Conditions Favoring Low Investment......Page 384
Perceptions of High-Risk Infant Cries......Page 385
Perceptions of Physical Characteristics of High-Risk Infants......Page 386
Why Study Preterm Twins?......Page 387
Hypotheses......Page 388
Subjects......Page 390
Procedure......Page 391
Behavior Categories......Page 392
Data Reduction and Analyses......Page 393
Question 1: Did Mothers Show Consistent Behavioral Preferences for the Healthier ELBW Twin? (Healthy Baby Hypothesis)......Page 394
Question 3: Do Mothers Provide Adequate, “Necessary” Care to Both Twins? (Basic Care Hypothesis)......Page 395
Question 4: How was Maternal Behavioral Preference Linked to Infant Behavior? (Fun Baby Hypothesis)......Page 396
Discussion......Page 397
Notes......Page 401
References......Page 402
10. Human Maternal Vocalizations to Infants as Biologically Relevant Signals: An Evolutionary Perspective......Page 405
The Current Debate on Human Language and Natural Selection......Page 406
Exaptations Are Not Inconsistent With Natural Selection......Page 407
Arbitrariness and Nonoptimality Are Not Incompatible With Natural Selection......Page 409
Cross-Language Research on the Prosody of Infant-Directed Speech......Page 411
Relations Between Prosodic Form and Communicative Function in Mothers\' Speech......Page 414
Communicative Functions of Intonation in Infant-Directed Speech......Page 416
The Perceptual and Affective Salience of Intonation in Infant-Directed Speech......Page 418
Maternal Intonation and Infant Attention......Page 419
Maternal Intonation and Infant Emotion......Page 420
Maternal Intonation and the Communication of Intention......Page 422
Maternal Intonation and Early Language Development......Page 424
Constraints on the Evolution of Vocal Communication Systems......Page 425
Perceptual and Production Constraints on the Evolution of Vocal Signals......Page 426
Environmental Constraints on the Evolution of Vocal Signals......Page 427
Graded and Discrete Vocalizations in Primate Communication......Page 428
Ritualized Vocalizations: Signal Function and Signal Detectability......Page 430
Design Features of Infant-Directed Prosody......Page 432
Adaptive Functions of Mothers\' Speech to Infants......Page 434
Note......Page 437
References......Page 438
An Evolutionary Approach to the Study of Rough-and-Tumble Play......Page 443
Hunting......Page 445
Predator Avoidance......Page 446
Fighting......Page 447
Selection Pressures Leading to Compromise and Cooperation in Play......Page 449
Self-handicapping......Page 450
Evolved Mechanisms......Page 452
References......Page 455
V. Perception and Language as Adaptations......Page 459
Introduction......Page 465
Nonselectionist Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change......Page 467
Limitations on Nonselectionist Explanations......Page 468
Two Issues That Are Independent of Selectionism......Page 471
Exaptation......Page 472
Design in Language......Page 473
An Argument for Design in Language......Page 474
Is the Argument for Language Design a Just-So Story?......Page 477
Language Design and Language Diversity......Page 479
Language Design and Arbitrariness......Page 481
Inherent Trade-Offs......Page 482
Parity in Communications Protocols......Page 483
Arbitrariness and the Relation Between Language Evolution and Language Acquisition......Page 485
The Mind as a Multipurpose Learning Device......Page 487
Constraints on Possible Forms......Page 488
The Process of Language Evolution......Page 489
Genetic Variation......Page 490
Nonshared Innovations......Page 491
Categorical Rules......Page 492
Perturbations of Formal Grammars......Page 493
Reproductive Advantages of Better Grammars......Page 494
Grammatical Complexity and Technology......Page 495
Grammatical Complexity and Social Interactions......Page 496
Social Use of Language and Evolutionary Acceleration......Page 497
Phyletic Continuity......Page 498
Acknowledgments......Page 500
References......Page 501
13. The Perceptual Organization of Colors: An Adaptation to Regularities of the Terrestrial World?......Page 509
Structure in Human Perception and Cognition in General......Page 512
Land\'s Retinex Scheme for Color Constancy......Page 515
Maloney and Wandell\'s General Linear Model for Color Constancy......Page 517
Is Trichromacy Explained by the Physical Properties of Surfaces?......Page 521
An Alternative Basis for Trichromacy in the Degrees of Freedom of Terrestrial Illumination......Page 522
The Light-Dark Variation......Page 524
The Red-Green Variation......Page 525
Recapitualation of the Argument Concerning the Source of Trichromacy......Page 526
Consideration of Some Apparent Counterexamples......Page 527
Methodological Issues Concerning the Determination of Dimensionality......Page 528
The Circular Structure of Spectrally Pure Colors......Page 529
The Circularity of Hue as an Accomodation to the Degrees of Freedom of Terrestrial Illumination......Page 530
Evidence Suggestive of an Innate Structure for the Representation of Colors at Higher Levels of the Brain......Page 531
The Cross-Cultural Findings of Berlin and Kay......Page 532
Additional, Corroborating Results and Implications......Page 535
Possible Adaptive Functions of a Categorical Organization of Colors......Page 537
Possible Sources of the Particular Categorical Organization of Human Colors......Page 538
The Search for a Nonarbitrary Basis for Psychological Principles......Page 539
Possible Universal Pressures Toward the Organization of Colors......Page 540
References......Page 541
Selection Pressures for Spatial Sex Differences......Page 547
Studies of Male Spatial Specializations......Page 549
Study One: A Group Test......Page 550
Study Two: A Naturalistic Setting......Page 553
Study Three: Incidental and Directed Learning......Page 554
Separating Location Learning From Object Learning......Page 556
Study Four: Hormonal Status......Page 557
Directions for Further Research......Page 559
Evolutionary Explanations and Proximate Mechanisms......Page 560
Acknowledgments......Page 561
References......Page 562
VI. Environmental Aesthetics......Page 565
15. Evolved Responses to Landscapes......Page 569
Adaptive Response to the Environment: Pleistocene Origins......Page 570
The Savanna Hypothesis......Page 571
General Evolutionary Hypotheses......Page 574
Conceptual Framework......Page 575
Temporal Frame of Reference......Page 576
Stage 1......Page 577
Stage 2......Page 578
Time Frames of Decisions......Page 579
Environmental Cues Requiring Immediate Response......Page 580
Environmental Cues Associated with Seasonal Changes......Page 582
Environmental Cues Influencing Long-Term Behavior......Page 583
Urban Spaces......Page 585
Architectural Application......Page 586
The Role of Mystery in Environmental Aesthetics......Page 587
Age-Related Changes in Environmental Aesthetics......Page 588
Concluding Remarks......Page 589
References......Page 590
16. Environmental Preference in a Knowledge-Seeking, Knowledge-Using Organism......Page 595
Humans, Evolution, and Information: Toward a Synthesis......Page 596
The Landscape as an Evolutionarily Significant Informational Pattern......Page 598
A Mechanism for Appropriately Responding to Environments......Page 599
The Preference Model......Page 600
Supporting Data......Page 602
Toward an Evolutionary Interpretation......Page 603
Cognition and Affect from the Perspective of Environmental Aesthetics......Page 607
Aesthetics Revisited: Some Concluding Comments......Page 609
Notes......Page 610
References......Page 611
VII. Intrapsychic Processes......Page 613
17. The Evolution of Psychodynamic Mechanisms......Page 615
Obstacles......Page 616
The Benefits of Self-Deception—A Missing Link?......Page 617
Repression—The Phenomenon......Page 618
Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Explanations of Repression......Page 619
Repression and Self-Deception......Page 620
The Functions of Repression......Page 621
The Defenses as Deceptive Strategies......Page 624
Mental Conflict......Page 627
Conscience, Guilt, and Neurosis......Page 628
Transference......Page 630
Childhood Sexuality......Page 631
Implications for Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry......Page 632
Implications for Evolutionary Psychology......Page 633
References......Page 634
VIII. New Theoretical Approaches to Cultural Phenomena......Page 639
Selection for Attending to One\'s Own: Gossip, Social Control, Reputation, and People Magazine......Page 641
Evolution and the Psychology of Gossip......Page 642
Why Do We Gossip About Strangers?......Page 643
Testable Hypotheses......Page 644
Nepotism and Social Stratification......Page 645
1. Seeking High Social Rank......Page 646
3. Social Exchange and the Ability to Form Coalitions......Page 647
The Genesis of Social Class......Page 648
Notes......Page 649
References......Page 650
Author Index......Page 653
Subject Index......Page 671