دانلود کتاب The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918-53

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
Title
Dedication
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of maps
Maps
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part One: The origins of the dictatorships
Chapter 1 The years of crisis, 1890-1918
Introduction
Proto-Fascism
The revolt against materialism, rationalism and liberalism
The alliance of nationalism and Socialism
Marxism and the Revolutionary Left
In Western and Central Europe
In Russia
The Impact of the First World War
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Italy
Assessment
Documents
Part Two: The legacy of war and partial recovery
Chapter 2 The victory of Leninism in Russia, 1917-27
Introduction
The February and October Revolutions
The February Revolution
The Provisional Government
The Kornilov coup
Lenin and the Bolshevik Party
The October Revolution
The early months after the Bolshevik seizure of power, October 1917-January 1918
The Constituent Assembly
Ending the war with Germany: the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Civil War
Military operations
Allied intervention
Why Was a Red rather than a White Dictatorship triumphant by December 1920?
The defeat of the leftist opposition
The development of the Cheka
Creation of a one-party dictatorship
The emergence of the Lenin cult
War Communism
The cultural civil war
The NEP
The ban on factionalism
The creation of the USSR
The recreation of the Russian Empire
The 1924 constitution
Lenin\'s death and the battle for the succession, 1922-8
Lenin\'s death
The defeat of Trotsky and the United Opposition
The defeat of Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky
The NEP years: the attempt to create a new Russia
The peasantry and the NEP
The workers
Was the NEP bound to fail?
Bolshevik Russia and the world, 1918-27
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 3 Italy: the creation of the Fascist state, 1918-29
Introduction
The post-war crisis of the Liberal state, 1919-22
The end of transformismo
The \'mutilated peace\' and the Fiume incident
Economic and social problems
Mussolini and the rise of Fascism
The resurgence of Fascism
From movement to party
The \'march\' on Rome
The consolidation of power, 1922-5
The Acerbo Electoral Law and the election of April 1924
The Matteotti Affair and its consequences
The growth of the totalitarian state, 1925-9
Party-state relations
The police state
The development of the corporatism
The economy: the \'battles\' for the lira and for grain
Church-state relations
Foreign policy, 1922-9
The Corfu crisis
Italy, Britain and France
The Balkans and the colonies
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 4 The vacuum of power and the rise of authoritarianism, 1918-29
Introduction
Central, Eastern and Southern Europe
Hungary: the defeat of the Soviet dictatorship
Bulgaria
Romania
Spain
1926: the year of the four coups in Greece, Poland, Portugal and Lithuania
Greece
Poland
Portugal and Lithuania
Yugoslavia
Austria
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 5 Weimar Germany: the seedbed of Nazism?
Introduction
The defeat of the revolutionary and authoritarian challenges, 1918-23
The revolution of 1918-19
The Weimar constitution
The Treaty of Versailles
Containment of the Left and re-emergence of the Right
The Ruhr occupation, 1923-4
The growth of the Nazi party and the Munich putsch
Stabilization, 1924-9
German economic recovery
The peaceful erosion of the Versailles Treaty
Structural problems of the Republic
The unpopularity of the Republic
Hitler and the Nazi party, 1925-9
Assessment
Documents
Part Three the 1930s: The impact of the Great Depression
Chapter 6 The collapse of Weimar and the triumph of National Socialism, 1930-4
Introduction
The impact of the Great Depression
The fall of the Grand Coalition
Brüning, the \'Hunger Chancellor\', March 1930-May 1932
The election of September 1930
Brüning\'s second government, September 1930-May 1932
The Papen and Schleicher cabinets, June 1932-January 1933
The coup against Prussia
The elections of 31 July and 6 November 1932
The Schleicher government, 4 December 1932-30 January 1933
The failure to contain Hitler
The election of 5 March 1933
The Enabling Act
Gleichschaltung and the creation of the one-party state
The defeat of the \'second revolution\'
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 7 The Third Reich, 1933-9
Introduction
The political structure of the Third Reich
Central government
The Nazi Party
The SS state
The role of Hitler
The economy, 1933-9
Kick-starting the economy
Agriculture
Rearmament and the Four-Year Plan, 1933-6
Was there a growing economic crisis by 1939?
The Volksgemeinschaft
Influencing a new Nazi generation: education and youth movements
The peasantry
Women and the family
The workers and the Volksgemeinschaft
Selling the Volksgemeinschaft: the Reich Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda
The churches and the Volksgemeinschaft
Policing the Volksgemeinschaft
Race and eugenics
The non-Jewish racial minorities
The Jews
Hitler\'s role in the formulation of anti-Semitic policy: the structuralist-intentionalist debate
Foreign policy
The historical debate on Hitler\'s foreign policy
The first three years
The Anschluss
The Sudeten crisis and the destruction of Czechslovakia, March 1938-April 1939
The attack on Poland and the Anglo-French declaration of war
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 8 The development of Italian Fascism, 1929-39
Introduction
The Duce and his government
The development of totalitarianism
Propaganda
The impact of Fascism on the educational system
Fascist youth groups
Fascism and the Italian people
The workers
The peasantry
Welfare
Women
The Catholic Church and the Fascist regime
Fascism accelerates, 1936-9: the Fascist cultural revolution
The anti-bourgeois campaign
The reform of custom
Anti-Semitism
The economy, 1930-9
The impact of the Depression
Autarky
Preparing the economy for war
Was Fascism economically a failure?
Foreign policy, 1933-9
The historians and Fascist foreign policy in the 1930s
Mussolini and Germany, 1933-5
The Ethiopian War
The Spanish Civil War
The German alliance
Italian neutrality, September 1939-June 1940
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 9 The Spanish Civil War and the beginning of the Franco regime
Introduction
The Second Republic
The Republican Socialist coalition, 1931-3
The revival of the Right
The bienio negro or \'two black years\'
The slide to civil war, February-May 1936
The military coup of 18 July 1936
The Civil War
The outline of events
The Great Powers and Spain. 1936-9
The Republic and the Civil War, 1936-9
The social and economic revolution
The restoration of discipline
The role of the Communists
Attempted consolidation: the Negrín ministry, 1937-9
The Nationalists and the Civil War
Forging a united Nationalist regime
Policies of Franco\'s wartime regime
Did Franco establish a Fascist state in 1939?
Economic policy
Foreign policy
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 10 Stalin and the second revolution, 1927-41
Introduction
Collectivization and the end of the NEP
The consequences
Industrializaton and the Five-Year Plans, 1928-41
Formulating the first Five-Year Plan
Implementing, the Five-Year Plans, 1929-41
The purges, show trials and the Terror
The Kirov assassination
The show trials
The Ezhovshchina or the Great Purges
Assessment of the purges
Life in Stalinist Russia, 1929-41
The cultural revolution
The urban revolution
The new working class
Women and the family in the USSR
The creation of the Stalinist political system
From oligarch to dictator: the evolution of Stalin\'s power
The Stalin cult
Foreign policy
The rise of Hitler
The Sudeten crisis, 1938
The Nazi-Soviet Pact
The outbreak of war with Nazi Germany
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 11 Institutionalized authoritarianism
Introduction
Poland and the Baltic states
Hungary and Austria: the successor states
Hungary
Austria
Romania and the Balkan states
Portugal
Assessment
Documents
PART FOUR: The dictators and the Second World War
Chapter 12 Europe under German domination
Introduction
The German occupation of Western Europe and the invasion of Russia, June 1940-June 1941
Europe under German Domination, 1939-44
Western Europe
Vichy France and the \'national revolution\'
Spain
South-Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
The Holocaust
Historians and the Holocaust
The road to the extermination camps
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 13 Nazi Germany: the home front
Introduction
Führer, government and party
The Führer state
Policing the home front
The SS
The party
The war economy
The impact of Albert Speer
The labour problem
The Volksgemeinschaft at war
Women and the family
Youth and the war
The workers
Support, Resistenz and opposition
The plot of 20 July 1944
The end of the Third Reich
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 14 Fascist Italy at war
Introduction
Italy at war, 1940-1
The home front
The economy
The crisis of \'disappointed expectation\', December 1940-Marcb 1941
The decline of the PNF
Mussolini\'s overthrow
The Salò Republic
The collapse of the Republic, 1944-5
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 15 Stalinism and the Great Patriotic War
Introduction
Military events, June 1941-May 1945
The impact of the war on Stalin and the Communist Party
Stalin
The party
A new structure of government emerges
Propaganda and control
The economy
The evacuation of plant
War Production: crisis and recovery, 1942-5
The mobilization of labour
Agriculture
The Soviet people and the war
A society in convulsion
The mobilization of women
\'A breath of fresh air\'
The nationalities
Foreign policy
Poland and Eastern Europe
Assessment
Documents
Chapter 16 The survivors: the USSR, Spain and Portugal
Introduction
The USSR
Economic reconstruction
Industrial recovery
Agriculture
Late Stalinism
The emergence of the Quintet
The Leningrad and Gosplan Affairs and the Doctor\'s Plot
The Communist Party, 1945-53
The Russian peoples and the post-war period
Late Stalinist foreign policy
Iran and Turkey
Europe
The Far East
Spain and Portugal
The Franco Regime
Portugal: Salazar survives
Assessment
Documents
Part Five Assessment
Chapter 17 The dual triumph of Western democracy and Marxism-Leninism
Further reading
Glossary
Index