دانلود کتاب The Atmosphere. An Introduction to Meteorology

فهرست مطالب :

Front Cover Title... ...Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Preface Digital & Print Resources Walkthrough Media CONTENTS (with direct page links) 1. Introduction to the Atmosphere Focus on Concepts 1.1 Focus On the Atmosphere 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Box 1.1 Monitoring Earth from Space 1.3 Earth as a System 1.4 Composition of the Atmosphere Box 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere 1.5 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Eye on the Atmosphere 1.1 Eye on the Atmosphere 1.2 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 2. Heating Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere Focus on Concepts 2.1 Earth–Sun Relationships Box 2.1 Calculating the Noon Sun Angle Box 2.2 When Are the Seasons? Eye on the Atmosphere 2.1 2.2 Energy, Temperature, and Heat 2.3 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 2.3: The Ultraviolet Index 2.4 Eye on the Atmosphere 2.2 2.5 The Role of Gases in the Atmosphere 2.6 Earth’s Energy Budget Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 3. Temperature Focus on Concepts 3.1 For the Record: Air-Temperature Data Box 3.1 North America’s Hottest and Coldest Places 3.2 Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature Eye on the Atmosphere 3.1 3.3 World Distribution of Temperatures Eye on the Atmosphere 3.2 3.4 Cycles of Air Temperature Box 3.2 Latitude and Temperature Range Eye on the Atmosphere 3.3 Box 3.3 How Cities Influence Temperature: The Urban Heat Island 3.5 Temperature Measurement 3.6 Applying Temperature Data Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 3.4: Heat Waves Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 4. Moisture and Atmospheric Stability Focus on Concepts 4.1 Water on Earth 4.2 Water’s Changes of State 4.3 Humidity: Water Vapor in the Air Eye on the Atmosphere 4.1 4.4 Relative Humidity and Dew-Point Temperature Box 4.1 Dry Air at 100 Percent Relative Humidity? Box 4.2 Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers What’s Your Forecast? Humidity and Human Comfort 4.5 Adiabatic Temperature Changes and Cloud Formation 4.6 Processes That Lift Air Box 4.3 Precipitation Records and Mountainous Terrain Eye on the Atmosphere 4.2 4.7 The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability 4.8 Stability and Daily Weather Eye on the Atmosphere 4.3 Box 4.4 Orographic Effects: Windward Precipitation and Leeward Rain Shadows Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 5. Forms of Condensation and Precipitation Focus on Concepts 5.1 Cloud Formation 5.2 Cloud Classification Eye on the Atmosphere 5.1 5.3 Types of Fog 5.4 How Precipitation Forms Eye on the Atmosphere 5.2 5.5 Forms of Precipitation 5.6 Precipitation Measurement Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 5.1: Worst Winter Weather Eye on the Atmosphere 5.3 What’s Your Forecast? Space-based Measurement of Precipitation 5.7 Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 6. Air Pressure and Winds Focus on Concepts 6.1 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind 6.2 Why Does Air Pressure Vary? Box 6.1 Air Pressure and Aviation 6.3 Factors Affecting Wind 6.4 Winds Aloft Versus Surface Winds Eye on the Atmosphere 6.1 6.5 How Winds Generate Vertical Air Motion Eye on the Atmosphere 6.2 Eye on the Atmosphere 6.3 6.6 Wind Measurement Box 6.2 Wind Energy: An Alternative with Potential Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 7. Circulation of the Atmosphere Focus on Concepts 7.1 Scales of Atmospheric Motion Box 7.1 Dust Devils 7.2 Local Winds 7.3 Global Circulation Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 7.2: Santa Ana Winds and Wildfires Eye on the Atmosphere 7.1 7.4 Pressure Zones Drive the Wind 7.5 Monsoons 7.6 The Westerlies 7.7 Jet Streams 7.8 Global Winds and Ocean Currents Eye on the Atmosphere 7.2 7.9 El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation 7.10 Global Distribution of Precipitation Eye on the Atmosphere 7.3 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought 8. Air Masses Focus on Concepts 8.1 What Is an Air Mass? 8.2 Classifying Air Masses 8.3 Air-Mass Modification 8.4 Properties of North American Air Masses Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 8.1: The Siberian Express Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 8.2: An Extraordinary Lake-Effect Snowstorm Eye on the Atmosphere 8.1 Eye on the Atmosphere 8.2 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 9. Midlatitude Cyclones Focus on Concepts 9.1 Frontal Weather Eye on the Atmosphere 9.1 9.2 Midlatitude Cyclones and the Polar-Front Theory What’s Your Forecast? Constructing and Analyzing a Surface Weather Map and Forecast Eye on the Atmosphere 9.2 9.3 Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone 9.4 Flow Aloft and Cyclone Formation What’s Your Forecast? Winds as a Forecasting Tool 9.5 Where Do Midlatitude Cyclones Form? Eye on the Atmosphere 9.3 9.6 A Modern View: The Conveyor Belt Model Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 9.1: The Midwest Flood of 2008 9.7 Anticyclonic Weather and Atmospheric Blocking 9.8 Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 10. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Focus on Concepts 10.1 What’s in a Name? 10.2 Thunderstorms 10.3 Air-Mass Thunderstorms 10.4 Severe Thunderstorms Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 10.1: Flash Floods 10.5 Lightning and Thunder Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 10.2: Downbursts Eye on the Atmosphere 10.1 10.6 Tornadoes 10.7 Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes 10.8 Tornado Destruction and Tornado Forecasting Eye on the Atmosphere 10.2 Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 10.3: Surviving a Violent Tornado What’s Your Forecast? Putting the Ingredients Together to Forecast Severe Thunderstorms Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 11. Hurricanes Focus on Concepts 11.1 Profile of a Hurricane Box 11.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 11.2 Hurricane Formation and Decay Box 11.2 Naming Tropical Storms and Hurricanes 11.3 Hurricane Destruction Eye on the Atmosphere 11.1 What’s Your Forecast? More to the Story than the Category 11.4 Estimating Hurricane Intensity Eye on the Atmosphere 11.2 11.5 Detecting, Tracking, and Monitoring Hurricanes Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 11.1: Super Typhoon Haiyan Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 12. Weather Analysis and Forecasting Focus on Concepts 12.1 The Weather Business: A Brief Overview 12.2 Acquiring Weather Data 12.3 Weather Maps: Depictions of the Atmosphere Eye on the Atmosphere 12.1 12.4 Modern Weather Forecasting 12.5 Other Forecasting Methods 12.6 Weather Satellites: Tools in Forecasting Eye on the Atmosphere 12.2 12.7 Types of Forecasts 12.8 The Role of the Forecaster Box 12.1 Thermodynamic Diagrams 12.9 Forecast Accuracy What’s Your Forecast? Severe Weather Forecasting Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 13. Air Pollution Focus on Concepts 13.1 The Air Pollution Threat 13.2 Sources and Types of Air Pollution Box 13.1 Air Pollution Changing the Climate of Cities Eye on the Atmosphere 13.1 Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 13.2: The Great Smog of 1952 13.3 Trends in Air Quality 13.4 Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 13.3: Viewing an Air Pollution Episode from Space 13.5 Acid Precipitation Eye on the Atmosphere 13.2 Eye on the Atmosphere 13.3 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought 14. The Changing Climate Focus on Concepts 14.1 The Climate System: A Key to Detecting Climate Change 14.2 Natural Causes of Climate Change Box 14.1 Volcanism and Climate Change in the Geologic Past Eye on the Atmosphere 14.1 14.3 Human Impact on Global Climate Eye on the Atmosphere 14.2 What’s Your Forecast? Modeling the Impact of Aerosols 14.4 Climate-Feedback Mechanisms 14.5 Some Consequences of Global Warming Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought 15. World Climates Focus on Concepts 15.1 Climate Classification 15.2 Climate Controls: A Summary 15.3 Humid Tropical (A) Climates Box 15.1 Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest—The Impact on Its Soils 15.4 The Dry Climates (B) 15.5 Humid Middle-Latitude Climates with Mild Winters (C) Eye on the Atmosphere 15.1 15.6 Humid Continental Climates with Severe Winters (D) Severe & Hazardous Weather Box 15.2: Drought—A Costly Atmospheric Hazard 15.7 The Polar Climates (E) 15.8 Highland Climates Eye on the Atmosphere 15.2 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought Problems 16. Optical Phenomena of the Atmosphere Focus on Concepts 16.1 Interactions of Light and Matter 16.2 Mirages Box 16.1 Are Highway Mirages Real? Eye on the Atmosphere 16.1 16.3 Rainbows 16.4 Halos, Sun Dogs, and Solar Pillars Box 16.2 Glories 16.5 Other Optical Phenomena Eye on the Atmosphere 16.2 Concepts in Review Give it Some Thought APPENDICES A: Metric Units B: Explanation and Decoding of the Daily Weather Map C: Relative Humidty and Dew-Point Tables D: Laws Relating to Gases E: Newton’s Laws, Pressure–Gradient Forces, and Coriolis Force F: Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale G: Climate Data Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Credits INDEX (with direct page links) A B - C D E - F G - H I - J - K L - M N O P Q - R S T U - V W - Y - Z Cloud Guide Temperature Change 2081-2100 (Projected) Temperature and Precipitation Extremes (spread over 2 pages)