دانلود کتاب The Bilingual Advantage in Executive Functioning Hypothesis: How the Debate Provides Insight into Psychology’s Replication Crisis

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Dedication and Preface
Part I The Foundation
1 Early Research On the Effects of Bilingualism On Intelligence and Executive Functioning
Is There a Favorable Relationship Between Bilingualism and Intelligence?
What Is Intelligence?
Studies in the 1920s
The Darcy Studies
The Peal and Lambert Hammer
What Is This Book About?
The Hypothesis
Executive Functioning
Framing the Debate
Why the Theory Is Undead
Theories Explaining the Absence of Bilingual Advantages
In Praise of Bilingualism From a Cat On a Hot Tin Roof
2 Executive Functioning in the Lab and in Everyday Life
What Is Executive Functioning (EF)?
Performance-based Measures of EF
Task Impurity
Test-Retest Reliability
The Lack of Convergent Validity Within Variants of the Same Task
The Flanker, Stroop, and Simon Tasks: Three Birds of a Different Feather
The Latent Structure of EF
The “Just Right” Goldilocks Principle
The Problem With Inhibition as a Latent Variable
Are Fluid Intelligence and EF the Same Construct?
“Controlling For” Gf Or WMC and Similar Conundrums
Is Impulse Control a Special Case and Separable From Executive Control?
The Three Facets of “Impulsivity”
The Family Resemblance Twixt “Impulsivity” and Self-Report Measures of Self-Control
What Does the Tangney, Baumeister, and Boon (TBB) Brief Self-Control (BSC) Scale Measure?
Correlations Between Self-Report Scales and Performance-Based Measures
Would EF By Any Other Name Smell as Sweet?
The Dissociation Between Self-Reports and Executive Functioning Performance
3 Factors That May Affect EF and May Often Confound a Test of the Bilingual Advantage in EF Hypothesis
The Effects of Culture On EF
The Effects of SES On EF in Childhood
Longitudinal Studies of the Effects of SES On EF
Ages 4–6
Ages 4.5–8
Ages 10–13
Non-longitudinal Studies Extending Into Adulthood
Ages 9–25
Mean Age of 22
Ages 10–86
Observations On the Relationship Between SES and EF
Heritability
4 What We Think We Know About Bilingual Language Control
Consequences of Coactivation
The Inhibitory Control Model (ICM)
The Best Study Implicating Inhibition (Macizo, Bajo, and Martin, 2010)
Where Is Global Inhibition When You Need It?
Phenomena Thought to Fit Well With an Inhibitory Control Mechanism
Asymmetry of Language Switch Costs
N-2 Language Repetition Costs
Reverse Language Dominance
The BIA+ Eschews Inhibition
How Costly Is Switching Languages?
Part II The Debate Emerges
5 What Did Simon Say? A Spark Ignites a Fire
The Simon Task
Morton and Harper’s Failed Replication
Simon’s Effects in Older Adults
Simon Says (Too) Many Things
Does Language Similarity Increase Or Decrease Cross-Language Competition?
6 The Bilingual Advantage as Enhanced Inhibitory Control
The History of Inhibition in Bilingual Language Control
Evidence Against an Inhibitory Control Account
Hilchey and Klein (2011)
Paap and Greenberg (2013)
The BCBL Studies
Gathercole et al. (2014)
Privitera et al. (2022)
7 Shifting to a Monitoring Account
What Is Monitoring?
Monitoring as the Cost of Mixing
Hilchey and Klein’s Hypothesis
Monitoring as Measured By Global RT
Are There Bilingual Advantages in Global RT?
8 Shifting to an Executive Attention Account
Ellen Bialystok’s New Focus On Executive Attention
Bilingual Advantages in the Disengagement of Attention
Conjunctive Visual Search
Morphing Ambiguous Figures
Inhibition-of-Return
Disengagement of Attention in Congruency Sequence Effects (CSEs)
Grundy’s Account of CSEs
Failures to Replicate Grundy et al.
The Time Course of CSEs
Why Smaller CSEs Are Not Better
What Can Be Concluded From CSEs?
9 Accounts That Emphasize “Adaptations”
Proactive and Reactive Control in Conflict Adaptation
Is There a Bilingual Advantage in Proactive Control?
Is There a Bilingualism Effect in Reactive Control?
Are Bilinguals Better at Coordinating Proactive and Reactive Control?
Concluding Puzzles
10 The Special Role of Language Switching
The Adaptive Control Hypothesis (ACH)
Hartanto and Yang (2016, 2020)
Khodas, Moskovsky, and Paolini (2021)
Kalamala et al. (2020)
Lai and O’Brien (2020)
Pot, Keijzer, and De Bot (2018)
Jylkkä, Laine, and Lehtonen (2021)
Kuzyk, Friend, Severdija, Zesiger, and Poulin-Dubois (2020)
Does DLC Lead to Better Executive Control?
Are There No Benefits to Executive Control From Dense Code-Switching?
Does the Frequency of Switching Within Sentences/Utterances Predict EF?
Hofweber, Marinis, and Treffers-Daller (2016)
Green and Wei’s (2014) Control Process Model
Back to Singapore: Ng and Yang (2021)
The “Pure-Case” Approach Used By Paap, Mason, and Anders-Jefferson (2021)
SLC Criteria
DLC Criteria
DCS Criteria
Criteria for Monolinguals
The Pure-Case Analysis of the Paap, Anders-Jefferson et al. (2018) Dataset
The Pure-Case Analysis of the Paap, Anders-Jefferson et al. (2019) Dataset
Does Language Mixing (A Transient Dual-Language Context) Trigger Better General EF?
11 The March of the Mighty Meta-Analyses
Inhibition/Interference Control
Switching/Mental Flexibility
Working Memory Capacity
Meta-Analyses of Children
Lowe, Cho, Goldsmith, and Morton (2022)
Gunnerud, Ten Braak, Reikera°s, Donolato, and Melby-Lerva°g (2020)
Meta-Analyses of Older Adults
New Studies Using Older Adults
12 Problematic Meta-Analyses and Confirmation Bias
Armstrong et al. (2019)
Ware, Kirkovski, and Lum (2010)
Confirmation Bias Redux and/or Type-I Incompetence
The Alchemy of Continuous Measures of Bilingualism and Measures of EF
13 Mega-Data and Mega-Control: A Small On Big Data and Extreme Bilinguals
Dick et al. (2018)
Nichols, Wild, Stojanoski, Battista, and Owen (2020)
Other Studies Using Propensity-Score Matching From Large Sample Studies
Hartanto, Toh, and Yang (2018)
A Reanalysis Using Propensity-Score Matching
A Note On the DCCS
Professional Interpreters and L2 Teachers Versus Near Monolinguals
14 The Effects of Bilingualism Over Time and On Aging
Training Studies: Time for Bilingualism Research to Step Up Our Game
Longitudinal Studies, Fluid Intelligence, and Reverse Causality
Does Bilingualism Delay the Onset of Cognitive Aging Or Dementia?
The Retrospective Studies
Incidence of AD By Country
Prospective Studies of the Benefits of Cognitive Activities On the Diagnosis of AD
Prospective Studies of the Effects of Bilingualism On the Diagnosis of AD
Crane et al. (2009)
Sanders et al. (2012)
Yeung et al. (2014)
Lawton et al. (2015)
Zahodne et al. (2014)
Wilson et al. (2015)
Summary
Making Sense of the Prospective Studies Using Longitudinal Cohorts
The Debate Over Delay in AD Onset Versus Incidence
The Only Experiment (Randomized Control Trial)
15 Are There Bilingual Advantages in Self-Reports of Cognitive Control Or Impulsivity?
Parental Reports: Goodrich, Koziol, Yoon, and Leiva (2021)
Part III Reconstruction
16 What May Cause the Steady Drip of Positive Findings?
False Positives
False Positives From QRPs
False Positives Due to Confounds
Immigrant Status, Culture, and SES as Confounds
Culture
Acculturation
SES
False Positives as Statistical Apparitions
Significant Interactions With the Wrong Pattern
Missing Interactions
ANCOVA Cannot Statistically “Control” for Failures to Match
Some False Positives Are Quirks
False Positives Due to Confounding Grow as Sample Size Shrinks
Lack of Enthusiasm for Exact Replications
A Plan for Possible Reconciliation
17 In Defense of the Hypothesis: And a Rebuttal
Categorical Hypothesizing
Unicorns: The Elusive Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Generating Advantages
L2 Proficiency
Advantages in Children Reprised
Patterns of Language Switching
An Ecological Approach to Bilingualism
Cooking Pasta in La Paz
Extracting Signal From Noise
The Mole Hill About the Normality Assumption
Evidence From Null Results
What Can Phenotypes Predict?
Swiss Cheese and Mitigating Covid-19
Bilingualism as Discovery Science: Escaping the Bonds of Systematic Science?
What Do “Black Swans” Signify?
Black Swan 1 – Bak, Nissan, Allerhand, and Deary (2014)
Black Swan 2 – Santillán and Khurana (2017)
Consilience
The Binary-Classification Strawman
Gullifer and Titone (2022)
Discovery Science and Trust
18 The Bialystok and Craik (2022) “New and Improved” Attentional Control Theory
A Few Counterarguments
The N-Back Example
The Global RT Example
The Interference Suppression Example
The Preverbal Infant Example
Ignoring Or Distorting the Meta-Analytic Record
The Evidence for a Holistic Attention-Control Ability
Predicting Cognitive Benefit
The Way Forward
Bialystok and Craik’s (2022) Case for Attentional Control
Adaptation, Not Transfer
Advantages in Resources Or Efficiency?
19 Why Cognitive Neuroscience Can’t Resolve the Debate
The Neuroanatomy of Bilinguals
Three Theories Appeal to Automatization But Arrive at Different Implications
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Alignment Problems in FMRI
20 Is There an Advantage? How Should We Decide? Why Might There Be No Advantage?
Possible Differences at the Population Level
Testing a Hypothesis About People Versus a Hypothesis About Training EF
The Population of Interest Versus the Population One Is Sampling From
Bayes Factors Can Provide Evidence for the Null, Unlike P Values
Do Research Psychologists Adjust Their Priors?
Do We Need More Discovery Science in Bilingualism?
More and Better Theory-Testing Research
Possible Reasons Why Bilingual Advantages May Not Exist
Bilingualism as Just One Signal Among Many
Bilingual Language Control Is Encapsulated Within the Language-Processing System
All Control Is Modular
The Blanco-Elorrieta and Caramazza Challenge
References
Name Index
Subject Index