دانلود کتاب The Brain: An Introduction to Functional Neuroanatomy

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Title
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Nerve cells and synapses
Membrane potentials and action potentials
Neurons and their connections
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Receptors
Gap junctions
Glia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells–polydendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Computers and nervous systems
Central nervous system basics—the brain and spinal cord
Why study animal brains?
The main parts of the brain
External features of the brain
The dorsolateral aspect of a rodent brain
The ventral aspect of a rodent brain
A mid-sagittal section of a rodent brain
The language of brain anatomy
The spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Gray matter of the spinal cord
White matter of the spinal cord
Meninges, ventricles, and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
The blood-brain barrier
A map of the brain
Mini-atlas of the rat brain
The junction of the hindbrain and spinal cord
The hindbrain at the level of the inferior olive
The hindbrain at the level of the facial nucleus
The hindbrain at the level of the upper end of the fourth ventricle
The brainstem at the level of the midbrain
The rostral end of the midbrain
The forebrain at the level of the caudal end of the thalamus
The forebrain at the level of the internal capsule
The forebrain at the level of the anterior commissure
The forebrain at the rostral end of the corpus callosum
The forebrain at the level of the frontal pole of the cerebrum
The olfactory bulb
Sagittal section –0.40mm lateral to the midline
Sagittal section –2.62mm lateral to the midline
Peripheral nerves
Motor and sensory nerves
Somatic and visceral motor and sensory elements
Spinal nerves
Spinal nervessupplying the limbs
Cranial nerves
The olfactory and optic nerves
The olfactory nerve (1)
The optic nerve (2)
Purely motor cranial nerves–3, 4, 6, 12
Purely sensory cranial nerves–1, 2, 8
Cranial nerves with both motor and sensory components–5, 7, 9, 10, 11
Damage to the cranial nerves
Damage to the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens (cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6)
Damage to the facial nerve
Damage to the trigeminal nerve
Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve
The autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Command and control—the motor systems
Areas of the motor cortex
The role of non-cortical motor centers
Survival skills:the hypothalamus
Brainstem and spinal cord modules for controlof organized movement
Descending control pathways other thanthe corticospinal tract
The role of the cerebellum in motor control
The roles of the striatumand pallidum in motorcontrol
The final common pathway for all motor systems–the motor neuron
Command and control of the viscera–the autonomic nervous system
Command and control of the neuroendocrine system
Gathering information—the sensory systems
Receptors
Keeping sensorymaps intact
Interpretation and understanding
Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex
Vision
Hearing
Vestibular system
Taste
Smell
Sensory processing outside the cortex
An example: rolling an ankle
The human cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex–anatomy and histology
Uniformity of structure
Cortical neurons
Cortical layers
Guiding principles of cortical structure and function
The functional layout of the human cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex and behavior
Differences between the two cerebral hemispheres
Language areas in the cerebral cortex
Expansion of the cerebral cortex in recent human evolution
Higher level functions
Consciousness
Two minds in one brain?
Memory
Motor learning
The hippocampus and episodic memory
Structure of the hippocampus
The effects of stress on the hippocampus
The role of the cerebral cortex in episodic and semantic memory
Sleep
Emotions and the amygdala
The amygdala and social hierarchy
Drives and rewards
When things go wrong–brain disease and injury
Infections of the brain and spinal cord
Mad cow disease and CJD
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Alzheimer’s diseaseand dementia
Epilepsy
Brain trauma and brain death
Mental illness
Bipolar affective disorder
Neuroses
Neurotic depression
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Autism
The tragic history of the treatment of severe mental illness
Freud and psychiatry
Psychosurgery
Frontal lobotomy
Amygdalectomy
Henry Cotton and the septic focus theory of psychiatric disorders
Delgado and the bull
Electroconvulsive therapy
Brighter prospects–Transcranial magnetic stimulation
The development of the brainand spinal cord
Neural crest
Multiplication of cells in the brain
Migration of neurons
Creation of different functional groups of neurons–the proneural genes
Regional development of the nervous system–segmentationand organizing centers
Regional development in the hindbrain
Organizing centers
Formation of synapses
Axon guidance
Synapse pruning and nerve cell death
Environmental influences on gene expression
Critical periods
Critical periods in fetal development
Neural Plasticity
Later processes that refine the structure of the brain
Techniques for studying the brain
Cutting thin sections of the brain
Staining brain sections
Histochemical staining
Immunohistochemistry
Common immunohistochemical markers
Lectin stains
Cell culture
Hodology: using tracers to map connections
Molecular genetics
Non-invasive imaging techniques
Functional imaging
Electrophysiology
Sensory electrophysiology
Recording neuronal activity from the skin surface