دانلود کتاب The Cambridge Handbook of the Intellectual History of Psychology

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Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Contents Figures Tables Contributors Introduction ''Do You Know Who Gordon Bower Is? Endel Tulving?'' References 1 Major Paradigms and Approaches in Psychology Schools of Psychology Introspectionism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Psychoanalysis How Important Were the Schools? Paradigms Does Psychology Have Paradigms? Cognitive Psychology Computer Simulation The Information-Processing Approach Neuropsychology Paradigms Revisited The Varieties of Psychology Psychology and Interdisciplinary Approaches References 2 Methodology in Psychology What Is a Methodology? Distinguishing Methodologies: Quantitative versus Qualitative (and Others) The Early Rise of Experimental Psychology: Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) Quantification and Probability: Toward a Scientific Philosophy Fechner's Method: Addressing a Philosophical Problem Empirically Galton's Correlation: The Measurement of Empirical Association Galton versus Bravais: Who Owns the Origins of Correlational Theory? Galton's Discovery: Measuring Empirical Relationship Concluding Thoughts on Correlation Birth of Psychometrics Measurement, Testing, and Factor Analysis Why Has Factor Analysis Been So Historically Controversial? The Methodological Legacy of Factor Analysis in Psychology - Much More Than Just ''Statistics'' The Influence of Measurement on Clinical Psychology Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and Experimental Design: R. A. Fisher and the Dominance of Statistics in the Twentieth Century Correlation and Causality: Sewall Wright's Path Analysis The Methodological Issue: Can Correlational Designs Be Causal? Modern Methods of Psychological Inquiry and the Reemergence of Qualitative Methods References 3 Neuroscience in Psychology Animal Spirits Animal Spirits Measured: Nineteenth-Century Sensory Physiology The Neuron Theory and Chemical Transmission Brain Structures and Functions Localization of Speech Further Localizationism: Sensory, Motor, and Affective Systems Recording the Brain's Activity Emergence of Professional Neuroscience Organizations Other Related Neuroscience Disciplines The Conceptual Evolution of Contemporary Perspectives Summary and Overview References 4 Sensation and Perception Sensation Greek Philosophers Fall of the Roman Empire, and Arabic Scholarship during the Middle Ages Reemergence of Human Dissections: The Beginnings of Sensory Anatomy and Physiology Nineteenth-Century Sensory Physiology: The German Labs The Emergence of Psychology Twentieth Century: Code for Intensity Twentieth Century: Codes for Quality Distinction between Sensation and Perception How Do We Measure Sensations? Problem: Category Scales, VASs, and Stevens's Magnitude Estimation All Fail to Compare Different Groups of People Hedonic Sensations: Pleasure and Pain Overview References 5 Attention: Awareness and Control Definition Antecedents to the Scientific Study of Attention Theory and Attention Introspection Behaviorism Information Processing Neural Networks Tasks for Studying Attention Attention Span Mental Chronometry Speed and Accuracy Task Switching Attention Blocks Multitasking Resolving Conflict Cueing Attention Applying Attention Consciousness Development Training Pathology Alerting and Orienting ADHD Autism Executive Attention Psychopathy Borderline Personality Schizophrenia Summary References 6 Learning Mental Evolution and Early Experiments on Learning by Animals Watson, Pavlov, Hull, Tolman, and Skinner Comparative Cognition and Complex Learning Constraints on Learning Learning with Aversive Stimuli: Fear, Escape, and Avoidance Learning Surprise, Prediction Error, and Theories of Associative Learning Behavioral Neuroscience Animal Learning and Clinical Science References 7 Memory Introduction Approaches to the Study of Memory Historical Beginnings Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969) The Verbal Learning Tradition Organization and Memory The Information-Processing Tradition and the Cognitive ''Revolution'' Memory Models From the 1970s to the Present Working Memory Episodic Memory Autobiographical Memory Implicit Memory Social Remembering Varieties of Memory Applied Memory Research Conclusion Reference 8 Decision-Making Background Expected Value and Expected Utility Theory Challenging Rationality Bounded Rationality and Satisficing ''Errors'' in Probabilistic Reasoning The Monty Hall Problem Conservatism Bias Base-Rate Neglect (In)consistent Choice Behavior Preference Reversals The Certainty Effect The Reflection Effect The Framing Effect Loss Aversion and the Endowment Effect The Fourfold Pattern of Risk Attitudes Prospect Theory Fuzzy-Trace Theory Emotions and Decision-Making Summary References 9 Creativity References 10 Intelligence The Nature of Intelligence Overview of the Field Today Early Intellectual History Psychometric (Test-Based) Theories of Intelligence The Theory of General Intelligence The Theory of Bonds Primary Mental Abilities Structure of Intellect Hierarchical Models Piaget A Cognitive Perspective Biological Bases of Intelligence Cultural Context and Intelligence Systems Views of Intelligence The Theory of Multiple Intelligences The Theory of Successful Intelligence The Flynn Effect Conclusions References 11 Development On Method: Identify and Investigate Neglected Invisibles My Target: Piaget's Hazardous Hypotheses Piaget's Inheritance from Baldwin Baldwinian Selection Circular Process Genetic Can Refer to the Genesis of Novel Forms, Not Just to Genes Circular Becomes Cybernetic Impact on Piaget Constructive Conduct A Mathematical Illustration of Constructive Conduct Rejections Conclusion References 12 Social Psychology Studying the Individual and Society: A History of American Social Psychology Social Psychological Thought at the Turn of the Century Studying the Social in Nineteenth-Century Europe Sociology, Psychology, and Social Psychology in the United States The Rise of Psychological Social Psychology in the United States Textbooks and Early Definitions of Social Psychology Establishing Experimental Social Psychology The Expansion of American Social Psychology in the Interwar Years The Study of Interindividual Influence The Study of Groups The Study of Attitudes and Public Opinion The Study of Race and Culture The Study of Social Issues Social Psychology and World War II ''The Golden Age'' and the Postwar World Interdisciplinarity New Areas of Research Theoretical Developments The Rise of Social Cognition Crises, Critiques, and Current Status References 13 Gender Gender and the New Psychology: Complementarity and Difference Measuring Masculinity and Femininity Psychoanalysts Theorize Gender Psychoanalysis Meets Feminism John Money, Intersex, and the Birth of Gender Robert Stoller's Contributions to Gender Theory Feminist Psychologists Theorize Gender Sex/Gender Differences Research Relational/Cultural Approaches Beyond Differences: Social Constructionist and Discursive Approaches Intersectionality as a Framework and Analytical Tool Conclusion: The Future of Gender beyond the Binary References 14 Emotion A Brief Macrohistory of Emotion, 1900-1964 A Microhistory of the Metrics of Gesture in Lilly Dimitrovsky's Contribution to The Communication of Emotional Meaning, 1964 Emotion: A Micro-Macro Synthesis References 15 Motivation Early Motivation Theories The Behaviorist Movement The Emergence of Drive Theory Operant Theory The Cognitive Movement in Motivation: Expectancies and Efficacy Inner Sources of Regulation: Intrinsic Motivation and Psychological Needs An Alternative: White's Effectance Motivation Evolutionary Psychology and the Foundations of Motivation The Space of Contemporary Theories: Into the Black Box References 16 Personality Interests in Personality and Behavior in Ancient Civilizations Personality and Behavioral Interests in Medieval and Early Renaissance Period Contributions to Understanding Personality during the Nineteenth Century Developments in Understanding Personality Development and Assessment in the Early Twentieth Century Assessment during World War I Post-World War I Expansion of Assessment Advancements in Assessment during World War II Post-World War II Development and Expansion of Assessment Methods Contemporary Assessment Controversies The MMPI-2 The MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF The Rorschach Summary References 17 Abnormal Psychology Abnormality, Deviance, and Maladjustment Early Psychopathological Studies on Abnormality: Hysteria Nervous Weakness as an Illness: Neurasthenia Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud, and the Origins of Trauma Studies Relativizing Abnormality: C. G. Jung and the Psychology of Complexes and Archetypes Pavlov and Experimental Neurosis Cultural Aspects of Abnormality: Neo-Freudians, Humanist Psychologists, and Antipsychiatrists Abnormality as a Threat to Society: Psychopathy Naming the Mad Mind: The Development of the DSM The Decline of Old Abnormalities and the Rise of New Ones References 18 Psychotherapy What Is Psychotherapy? Writing the History of Psychotherapy The New Asylums and Functional Nervous Disorders The Mysterious Power of Mind On the Couch: The Arrival of Psychoanalysis Onward to America The Psychoanalytic Movement Spreads and Splinters Psychotherapy between the Wars World War II and the Freudian Age Does Talk Therapy Actually Work? The Advent of Behavior Therapy Professional Rivalry in the United States: Who Owns Psychotherapy? From the Behavioral to the Cognitive Redefining What Works The Demise of Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Evidence-Supported Psychotherapy Recent Research Developments Economic Influences Psychotherapy in Society References 19 Health Psychology Healthy in Mind, Spirit, and Body: ''Mind-Cure'' in American Thought Health for Moderns: Emotions and the Mind-Body Connection Stress, Personality, and Lifestyle in Post-World War II America Lifestyle, Behavior, and Health Community Health Psychology Critical Health Psychology Public Health Psychology Conclusion References Index