دانلود کتاب The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior

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The Chimpanzees of Gombe
The Chimpanzees of Gombe
Patterns of Behavior Jane Goodall
Contents
Introduction
1. The Darkness Lifts
Field Studies
Language Acquisition
Psychological Testing
Captive Colonies
2. The Mind of the Chimpanzee
The Physical and Social Environment
Goal-Directed Behavior
Tutelage
Factors That Influence Learning Ability
Cross-Modal Transfer
Abstraction and Generalization
Displacement in Time and Space
Symbolic Representation
Concept of Self
Inferring Purpose in Others
Intentional Communication
3. Research at Gombe
Reactions of the Subjects
Attitudes of the Observers
4, Who’s Who
5. Demographic Changes
Immigrants and Visitors
Peripheral Females
Diseases
Injuries
Disorders Following Death of the Mother
Old Age
Reproductive Disorders
Birth Abnormalities
Effects on Health
Effects on Reproduction
Causes of Death
Differential Mortality
6. Communication
Visual Communication
Tactile Communication
Auditory Communication
Olfactory Communication
7. A Unique Society
Patterns of Association
Composition and Size of Parties
Year-to-Year Changes
Males versus Females
Changes over the Life Cycle
8. Relationships
Figan’s Relationships
Commentary 8.2
Fifi’s Relationships
Male and Female Compared
Same-Sex Relationships
Male-Female Relationships
Ecological Benefits
Emotional or Psychological Benefits
Family Benefits
9. Ranging Patterns
Year Range
Life Range
10. Feeding
Termites
Ants
Caterpillars
Other Insects
Honey, Galls, and Termite Clay
11. Hunting
Arboreal Monkeys
Bushpigs
Bushbuck Fawns
Baboons
Human Infants
Cannibalism
Scavenging
Adult Males
Adult Females *
12. Aggression
Threat
The Charging Display
Attack
Coalitions
Snowballing
Immediate Causes
Punishment, Retaliation, and Challenging
Intervention in the Affairs of Others
Contagion
Fear of the Unfamiliar
Encounters with Strangers
Behavioral Contexts
Interspecific Aggression
Historical Factors
Genetic and Physiological Factors
13. Friendly Behavior
In Fear or Excitement
Submission and Reassurance s
Word Picture 13.1
Word Picture 13.2
14. Grooming
15. Dominance
The Charging Display and Fighting
Coalitions
Word Picture 15.1
Motivation and Alpha Status
Loss of Rank
Lack of Motivation
16. Sexual Behavior
The Group Situation
The Consortship
Visiting
Success in the Group Situation
Success in the Consortship Situation
17. Territoriality
Kasakela and Northern Males
Kahama and Kalande Males
Kasakela and “Eastern” Males
Possible Attacks on Kasakeia Females
The Attack on Godi
The Attack on De
The Attack on Goliath
The Death of Charlie
The Attack on Sniff v
The Attacks on Madam Bee
The Assaults on Stranger Females—An Unsolved Puzzle
Are Chimpanzees Territorial?
Do Chimpanzees Show Intent to Kill?
The Precursors of Warfare
On the Threshold of War?
18. Object Manipulation
Ant Dipping
Probing
Rousing the Occupants of Holes
Drinking
Miscellaneous
Other Chimpanzee Populations
Whipping, Flailing, and Clubbing
Aimed Throwing
Contexts for Weapon Use
Individual Differences
19. Social Awareness
In Dominant Individuals
In Subordinates
Conclusion
In-Camp Data
Follows of Target (or Focal) Individuals
Mother-Infant Data
Incidental Observations
Rainfall and Temperature
Banana Feeding
Selection of Targets
Training of Field Assistants
Recording Equipment
Organization of Data
Observer Performance
Appreciation and Respect
Identification of Chimpanzees
Familiarity with the Ethogram
Personal Bias and Objectivity
Integrity in Data Collection
Enthusiasm and Motivation
Report from the Field
Target: Adult male Jomeo, 9 May 1981
Field Assistants: Yahaya Alamasi and Godfrey Kahela
Report from the Field
Target: Adult male Jomeo, 24 October 1982
Field Assistants: Eslom Mpongo and Gabo Paulo