دانلود کتاب The Cold War: The Great Powers and Their Allies

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Editorial Foreword
PART 1 Overview
1 The Cold War: an overview
The causes of the Cold War: rival interpretations
The initial phase of the Cold War
Stalin’s closing years, 1948–53
East and Southeast Asia
Khrushchev
Johnson and Nixon
Carter and Reagan
Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War
2 The strategic dimension of East–West competition
The defence of Western Europe
Soviet policy towards Western Europe: NATO and Warsaw Pact military doctrines, and WTO exercises
Reactions to Soviet build-up: NATO’s 1979 response
US nuclear superiority in the 1950s and 1960s
‘Healey’s theorem’
Evolution of US strategic doctrine: ‘Mutual Assured Destruction’
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (NPT)
Attempts to secure nuclear weapons
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: ABM and SALT I Treaties 1972
MIRVs: vulnerability of US ICBMs and implications for ‘extended deterrence’
US interpretations of Soviet intentions
SALT II negotiations 1972–9
Cruise and Pershing missiles in Europe
The ‘Strategic Defense Initiative’ (SDI), the 1985 Geneva and 1986 Reykjavik summits, and the 1987 INF treaty
Gorbachev’s defence cuts and the Paris Charter 1990: START I and II
PART 2 East–West relations 1945–1991
3 The start of the Cold War
Stalin’s Popular Front policy
Stalin’s wartime move into Eastern Europe
A ‘sphere of influence’ in Eastern Europe?
Stalin and the post-war world
Stalin’s pursuit of incremental gains
Approaches to Stalin – Churchill, Roosevelt, Truman
The Potsdam Conference and the atom bomb
Romania: London (September) and Moscow (December 1945) Foreign Ministers Councils
The slide towards Cold War, 1946: Stalin’s election speech, Kennan’s ‘long telegram’, Churchill’s Fulton speech, Wallace’s critique and dismissal
The evolution of British policy, 1945–7: Attlee’s reservations overcome
Iran and Turkey
The Baruch Plan, and the European peace treaties 1946–7
The German question and possible Soviet perspectives
The German question, 1945–6
British withdrawal from Greece and Turkey – the Truman Doctrine, 1947
Stalin’s suggested Anglo-Soviet Treaty, 1947
The Moscow Foreign Ministers Council, 10 March to 24 April 1947
Marshall Aid and the division of Europe
The Szklarska Poreba Conference and foundation of ‘Cominform’ (September 1947), French strikes (November–December 1947), Italian elections (April 1948) and covert US involvement
The London Council of Foreign Ministers meeting, November–December 1947
4 The nadir of the Cold War, 1948–1953
West German currency reform 1948
The Berlin Blockade 1948–9
The North Atlantic Treaty 1949
Consolidation of communist rule in Eastern Europe
Stalin’s growing radicalism, 1947–8; Stalin and Greek communist risings
China, 1945–934
Anglo-American covert propaganda and action, 1947–8; Attempts to destabilise Albania, 1949–53; Possible connections with the East European purges of 1949–53
American responses to the ‘loss of China’; The extension of ‘containment’ to Indo-China, 1949–50
NSC-68 and US rearmament
Korea, 1945–50: Stalin authorises the invasion of South Korea, 1950
The Western response
The UN invasion of North Korea, China’s intervention and US responses 1950–51
Ceasefire talks 1951–3 and the 1953 armistice
Implications of the Korean War: ‘Limited war’; China’s relations with the USSR and the USA; Taiwan; The Japanese peace and security treaties, 1951–2
German rearmament – the European Defence Community, 1952
Stalin’s 1952 ‘offer’ of German reunification
Stalin’s final years
5 The Khrushchev years – detentes, challenges, crises
Stalin’s death and detente
Western approaches
German reunification – Adenauer, Churchill, and Beria
The Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China 1954
The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1954–5
French opposition to the European Defence Community
Austrian independence 1955
Khrushchev’s foreign policy, 1955
The Geneva Summit 1955
East-West summits and their limitations
Eisenhower’s 1953 decision against ‘roll-back’; US quiescence during the 1953 Berlin and 1956 Polish disturbances
The 1956 Hungarian and Suez crises and detente
Khrushchev and the policy of ‘peaceful coexistence’
Implications of Soviet aid to, and trade with, the Third World
The USSR and Egypt 1955–6
The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
Jordan, Syria and the Lebanon 1957–8
The Iraqi revolution 1958
Soviet–Egyptian coolness 1959
The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1958
Khrushchev’s view of the international scene 1957–8
The Berlin question 1958–9
Khrushchev’s visit to the USA 1959
The Paris Summit and the U2 incident 1960
The Vienna Summit 1961
The Berlin Wall and its sequel, 1961–2
Latin America in the 1950s: the Cuban revolution
The Bay of Pigs 1961
The Cuban missile crisis 1962
Khrushchev’s position after the crisis
6 The Vietnam War and other proxy conflicts of the 1960s and 1970s
Cuba and Latin America in the 1960s
The former Belgian Congo
Africa in the 1960s: The OAU; The Nigerian civil war; Kenya; Ghana
The Middle East
India and Pakistan
Indonesia
Indo-China
Laos
South Vietnam 1954–64
The ‘Gulf of Tonkin’ incident and Congressional resolution, 1964
USA bombs North Vietnam and commits ground troops to South Vietnam 1965
The Tet Offensive (January 1968) and its consequences
Nixon’s plans to end the war 1968–9
Vietnamisation
The Lon Nol coup in Cambodia
The 1971 South Vietnamese attempt to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail, and the 1972 North Vietnamese offensive
Secret negotiations and the ceasefire agreement 1973; US inability to enforce it; The communist offensive of 1975 and the fall of Saigon
Reasons for the US failure; The war’s impact on the USA
Southeast Asia since 1975
7 Detente in Europe
De Gaulle: ‘Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals’
West German Ostpolitik before 1969
Brandt’s Ostpolitik
Consequences of Ostpolitik
8 The United States, China and the World
US attitudes to China 1950–68
Sino-American rapprochement 1968–72
China’s new alignment and its consequences
Implications for Japan
China and Vietnam in the 1970s; The 1979 war
China’s relations with the USA and USSR in the 1980s
China in the 1980s; Tiananmen and the Western response
China, the US–Chinese relationship, and Taiwan since the 1990s
9 The rise and fall of detente in the 1960s and 1970s
Strained US–Soviet relations 1964–7; The Glassboro Summit 1967; The shift towards detente 1968
The Moscow Summit of 1972
The ‘Moscow detente’, US views and Soviet foreign policy
The Helsinki Final Act 1975
US–Soviet competition in the Middle East
US–Soviet trade and detente; The Jackson–Vanik amendment
Soviet restraint after the 1973 ‘oil shock’ and the Portuguese revolution
Soviet intervention in Angola 1975–6 and its implications for detente
Further strains on detente: Shaba I and II and the Somali–Ethiopian war
Growing US criticism of detente in the mid-1970s
Soviet contempt for Carter
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979; Carter’s reaction
10 Tension and the ending of the Cold War in the 1980s
East–West tension
Reagan’s originality
1981–4: years of tension; ‘Operation RYAN’ and the November 1983 ABLE ARCHER exercise
Reagan and Gorbachev
Gorbachev’s policies 1985–8
Summitry and negotiation, 1985–8; ‘Regional problems’ – the Gulf, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Central America, Angola
The transformation of Eastern Europe, 198958
German reunification 1989–90
The Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (November 1990); The USSR’s weakness, troubles and collapse in 1991
PART 3 Europe West and East, and the Sino–Soviet split
11 Western Europe I: The political order
The liberal political order
The challenge of communism: the French and Italian Communist Parties
Military takeovers in Greece and Turkey
Algerian settlers and the army overthrow the Fourth Republic; De Gaulle re-establishes Paris’s control
Consolidation of French political stability under the Fifth Republic
Threats from the right to the Italian political system; The troubles of the 1970s
Post-war economic growth
12 Western Europe II: France, Germany, Britain, and the USA
Marshall Aid 1947–52; European Payments Union, 1950
The Schuman Plan (1950) and the establishment of the ECSC; The EDC
A European Common Market 1955–8
Adenauer and France
Franco-German relations since 1963
Britain and European integration 1945–59
Britain’s applications for EEC membership, vetoed by de Gaulle in 1963 and 1967, successful in 1973; Wilson and Thatcher renegotiate terms; Developments since 1984
NATO
The US–UK ‘special relationship’
De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons, 1958–68
US–French relations since 1969
13 Western Europe III: The European Union
De Gaulle and the ‘Luxembourg compromise’ 1966
The Common Agricultural Policy
The ‘Single European Act’ 1985; Schengen; Airline deregulation; The draft Directive on services, 2004–6
The advent of a common currency, the ‘euro’
Debates over the EU’s architecture; Difficulties over the adoption of the Maastricht and Nice Treaties and of the draft EU Constitution
The Community’s external influence, economic and diplomatic
The Community’s external influence – the attraction of new members
14 Splits in the communist world
East European Communist Parties and the USSR in the immediate post-war period
Tito’s break with Stalin
Soviet–Yugoslav relations 1953–74
‘Tito-ism’ and East European purges
Changes in Soviet policy 1953–6
Revolutionary ferment in Poland 1953–6; Gomulka comes to power
The Hungarian rising 1956; Soviet intervention and installation of Kadar; Repression 1956–61
Sino–Soviet relations to 1957
Khrushchev’s 1958 and 1959 visits to Beijing; Polemics, Soviet sanctions, and ‘relative reconciliation’, 1960–61; Mao’s 1962 decision to ‘compete with [Soviet] revisionism for leadership’; Open breach in 1963
The conduct, nature and effects of the Sino–Soviet dispute
15 Eastern Europe since 1957
Failure to gain economic integration through CMEA; East European trade with the USSR; Hungarian economic reforms
The Prague Spring
The Brezhnev Doctrine and the Helsinki Final Act (1975)
Poland 1970–81
A general crisis of communism in Eastern Europe, 1989? The Soviet attitude
Poland 1982–9
Hungary 1987–90
East Germany 1989–90
Bulgaria, 1989 and after
Czechoslovakia 1989–90
Romania, 1989 and after
Eastern Europe’s transition to EU membership; Slovakia
The break-up of Yugoslavia
Bosnia, civil war (1992–5) and after
Kosovo 1998–9; Macedonia 2001
Ex-Yugoslavia and Albania
PART 4 Conclusion
16 Perspectives on the Cold War and its aftermath
Guide to further reading
Index