دانلود کتاب The Complete Lojban Language

فهرست مطالب :

A Logical Language Group Publication......Page 1
1.1 What is Lojban?......Page 9
1.3 What are the typographical conventions of this book?......Page 10
1.5 Acknowledgements and Credits......Page 11
1.7 Captions to Pictures......Page 12
1.8 Boring Legalities......Page 13
2.1 The concept of the bridi......Page 15
2.2 Pronunciation......Page 16
2.4 Some words used to indicate selbri relations......Page 17
2.5 Some simple Lojban bridi......Page 18
2.6 Variant bridi structure......Page 19
2.7 Varying the order of sumti......Page 20
2.9 tanru......Page 21
2.10 Description sumti......Page 23
2.12 The sumti di\'u and la\'e di\'u......Page 24
2.14 Vocatives and commands......Page 25
2.15 Questions......Page 26
2.16 Indicators......Page 28
2.17 Tenses......Page 29
2.18 Lojban grammatical terms......Page 30
3.1 Orthography......Page 33
3.2 Basic Phonetics......Page 34
3.3 The Special Lojban Characters......Page 35
3.4 Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants......Page 36
3.6 Consonant Clusters......Page 38
3.7 Initial Consonant Pairs......Page 39
3.8 Buffering Of Consonant Clusters......Page 40
3.9 Syllabication And Stress......Page 42
3.10 IPA For English Speakers......Page 44
3.11 English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs......Page 46
3.12 Oddball Orthographies......Page 47
4.1 Introductory......Page 49
4.2 cmavo......Page 50
4.3 brivla......Page 52
4.4 gismu......Page 53
4.5 lujvo......Page 54
4.6 rafsi......Page 56
4.7 fu\'ivla......Page 60
4.8 cmene......Page 63
4.9 Rules for inserting pauses......Page 66
4.10 Considerations for making lujvo......Page 67
4.11 The lujvo-making algorithm......Page 68
4.12 The lujvo scoring algorithm......Page 69
4.13 lujvo-making examples......Page 70
4.14 The gismu creation algorithm......Page 71
4.15 Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu......Page 73
4.16 rafsi fu\'ivla: a proposal......Page 76
5.1 Lojban content words: brivla......Page 79
5.2 Simple tanru......Page 80
5.3 Three-part tanru grouping with bo......Page 82
5.4 Complex tanru grouping......Page 83
5.5 Complex tanru with ke and ke\'e......Page 84
5.6 Logical connection within tanru......Page 85
5.7 Linked sumti: be-bei-be\'o......Page 88
5.8 Inversion of tanru: co......Page 91
5.9 Other kinds of simple selbri......Page 94
5.10 selbri based on sumti: me......Page 95
5.11 Conversion of simple selbri......Page 97
5.12 Scalar negation of selbri......Page 98
5.13 Tenses and bridi negation......Page 100
5.14 Some types of asymmetrical tanru......Page 101
5.15 Some types of symmetrical tanru......Page 108
5.16 “Pretty little girls\' school”: forty ways to say it......Page 109
6.1 The five kinds of simple sumti......Page 115
6.2 The three basic description types......Page 116
6.3 Individuals and masses......Page 119
6.4 Masses and sets......Page 121
6.5 Descriptors for typical objects......Page 122
6.6 Quantified sumti......Page 123
6.7 Quantified descriptions......Page 124
6.9 sumti-based descriptions......Page 127
6.10 sumti qualifiers......Page 128
6.11 The syntax of vocative phrases......Page 130
6.12 Lojban names......Page 132
6.13 Pro-sumti summary......Page 134
6.15 Number summary......Page 136
7.1 What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?......Page 139
7.2 Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series......Page 140
7.3 Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series......Page 141
7.4 Utterance pro-sumti: the di\'u-series......Page 142
7.5 Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko\'a-series and the broda-series......Page 144
7.6 Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go\'i-series......Page 146
7.7 Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo\'e-series and the co\'e-series......Page 150
7.8 Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo\'a-series......Page 152
7.9 sumti and bridi questions: ma and mo......Page 153
7.11 Abstraction focus pro-sumti: ce\'u......Page 154
7.13 Pro-sumti and pro-bridi cancelling......Page 155
7.15 lujvo based on pro-sumti......Page 156
7.16 KOhA cmavo by series......Page 157
7.17 GOhA and other pro-bridi by series......Page 158
7.18 Other cmavo discussed in this chapter......Page 159
8.1 What are you pointing at?......Page 161
8.2 Incidental relative clauses......Page 163
8.3 Relative phrases......Page 165
8.4 Multiple relative clauses: zi\'e......Page 168
8.5 Non-veridical relative clauses: voi......Page 169
8.6 Relative clauses and descriptors......Page 170
8.7 Possessive sumti......Page 172
8.8 Relative clauses and complex sumti: vu\'o......Page 173
8.9 Relative clauses in vocative phrases......Page 175
8.10 Relative clauses within relative clauses......Page 176
8.11 Index of relative clause cmavo......Page 177
9.1 Introductory......Page 179
9.2 Standard bridi form: cu......Page 180
9.3 Tagging places: FA......Page 182
9.4 Conversion: SE......Page 185
9.5 Modal places: FIhO, FEhU......Page 187
9.6 Modal tags: BAI......Page 188
9.7 Modal sentence connection: the causals......Page 189
9.8 Other modal connections......Page 192
9.9 Modal selbri......Page 194
9.10 Modal relative phrases; Comparison......Page 195
9.11 Mixed modal connection......Page 198
9.12 Modal conversion: JAI......Page 199
9.13 Modal negation......Page 200
9.15 Logical and non-logical connection of modals......Page 201
9.16 CV\'V cmavo of selma\'o BAI with irregular forms......Page 202
9.17 Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents......Page 203
10.1 Introductory......Page 207
10.2 Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA......Page 209
10.3 Compound spatial tenses......Page 210
10.4 Temporal tenses: PU and ZI......Page 211
10.5 Interval sizes: VEhA and ZEhA......Page 213
10.7 Dimensionality: VIhA......Page 215
10.8 Movement in space: MOhI......Page 216
10.9 Interval properties: TAhE and roi......Page 217
10.10 Event contours: ZAhO and re\'u......Page 219
10.11 Space interval modifiers: FEhE......Page 222
10.12 Tenses as sumti tcita......Page 223
10.13 Sticky and multiple tenses: KI......Page 225
10.14 Story time......Page 227
10.15 Tenses in subordinate bridi......Page 229
10.16 Tense relations between sentences......Page 230
10.17 Tensed logical connectives......Page 232
10.18 Tense negation......Page 234
10.19 Actuality, potentiality, capability: CAhA......Page 235
10.20 Logical and non-logical connections between tenses......Page 237
10.21 Sub-events......Page 238
10.22 Conversion of sumti tcita: JAI......Page 239
10.23 Tenses versus modals......Page 240
10.24 Tense questions: cu\'e......Page 242
10.25 Explicit magnitudes......Page 243
10.27 Summary of tense selma\'o......Page 244
10.28 List of spatial directions and direction-like relations......Page 245
11.1 The syntax of abstraction......Page 247
11.2 Event abstraction......Page 248
11.3 Types of event abstractions......Page 250
11.4 Property abstractions......Page 251
11.5 Amount abstractions......Page 253
11.6 Truth-value abstraction: jei......Page 254
11.7 Predication/sentence abstraction......Page 255
11.8 Indirect questions......Page 256
11.9 Minor abstraction types......Page 258
11.10 Lojban sumti raising......Page 259
11.11 Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses......Page 260
11.12 Abstractor connection......Page 261
11.13 Table of abstractors......Page 262
12.1 Why have lujvo?......Page 263
12.2 The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour......Page 264
12.3 The meaning of lujvo......Page 266
12.5 Symmetrical and asymmetrical lujvo......Page 267
12.6 Dependent places......Page 269
12.7 Ordering lujvo places.......Page 271
12.8 lujvo with more than two parts.......Page 272
12.9 Eliding SE rafsi from seltau......Page 273
12.11 Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo......Page 274
12.12 Abstract lujvo......Page 275
12.13 Implicit-abstraction lujvo......Page 277
12.14 Anomalous lujvo......Page 279
12.15 Comparatives and superlatives......Page 280
12.16 Notes on gismu place structures......Page 283
13.1 What are attitudinal indicators?......Page 285
13.2 Pure emotion indicators......Page 287
13.3 Propositional attitude indicators......Page 289
13.4 Attitudes as scales......Page 292
13.6 Emotional categories......Page 294
13.7 Attitudinal modifiers......Page 295
13.8 Compound indicators......Page 298
13.9 The uses of indicators......Page 299
13.10 Attitude questions; empathy; attitude contours......Page 300
13.11 Evidentials......Page 302
13.12 Discursives......Page 304
13.13 Miscellaneous indicators......Page 307
13.14 Vocative scales......Page 309
13.15 A sample dialogue......Page 312
13.16 Tentative conclusion......Page 314
14.1 Logical connection and truth tables......Page 317
14.3 The six types of logical connectives......Page 319
14.4 Logical connection of bridi......Page 320
14.5 Forethought bridi connection......Page 322
14.6 sumti connection......Page 324
14.7 More than two propositions......Page 325
14.8 Grouping of afterthought connectives......Page 326
14.9 Compound bridi......Page 328
14.10 Multiple compound bridi......Page 330
14.11 Termset logical connection......Page 332
14.12 Logical connection within tanru......Page 333
14.13 Truth questions and connective questions......Page 335
14.14 Non-logical connectives......Page 338
14.15 More about non-logical connectives......Page 341
14.16 Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection......Page 343
14.17 Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso......Page 346
14.18 Tenses, modals, and logical connection......Page 347
14.19 Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions......Page 350
14.21 Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives......Page 351
14.23 Locations of other tables......Page 352
15.1 Introductory......Page 353
15.2 bridi negation......Page 354
15.3 Scalar Negation......Page 357
15.4 selbri and tanru negation......Page 360
15.5 Expressing scales in selbri negation......Page 363
15.6 sumti negation......Page 365
15.7 Negation of minor grammatical constructs......Page 366
15.8 Truth questions......Page 367
15.9 Affirmations......Page 369
15.10 Metalinguistic negation forms......Page 370
15.11 Summary – Are All Possible Questions About Negation Now Answered?......Page 373
16.1 What\'s wrong with this picture?......Page 375
16.2 Existential claims, prenexes, and variables......Page 376
16.3 Universal claims......Page 378
16.4 Restricted claims: da poi......Page 379
16.5 Dropping the prenex......Page 380
16.6 Variables with generalized quantifiers......Page 381
16.7 Grouping of quantifiers......Page 382
16.8 The problem of “any”......Page 384
16.9 Negation boundaries......Page 385
16.10 bridi negation and logical connectives......Page 388
16.11 Using naku outside a prenex......Page 389
16.12 Logical Connectives and DeMorgan\'s Law......Page 392
16.13 selbri variables......Page 394
16.15 Conclusion......Page 395
17.1 What\'s a letteral, anyway?......Page 397
17.2 A to Z in Lojban, plus one......Page 398
17.3 Upper and lower cases......Page 399
17.5 Alien alphabets......Page 400
17.6 Accent marks and compound lerfu words......Page 402
17.8 What about Chinese characters?......Page 403
17.9 lerfu words as pro-sumti......Page 404
17.10 References to lerfu......Page 405
17.11 Mathematical uses of lerfu strings......Page 406
17.12 Acronyms......Page 407
17.13 Computerized character codes......Page 408
17.16 Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet......Page 409
17.18 Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet......Page 410
17.19 Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters......Page 411
17.20 Proposed lerfu words for radio communication......Page 412
18.1 Introductory......Page 413
18.3 Signs and numerical punctuation......Page 414
18.4 Special numbers......Page 416
18.5 Simple infix expressions and equations......Page 417
18.6 Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)......Page 419
18.7 Other useful selbri for mekso bridi......Page 421
18.8 Indefinite numbers......Page 422
18.9 Approximation and inexact numbers......Page 424
18.10 Non-decimal and compound bases......Page 426
18.11 Special mekso selbri......Page 428
18.13 Subscripts......Page 431
18.14 Infix operators revisited......Page 432
18.15 Vectors and matrices......Page 433
18.16 Reverse Polish notation......Page 434
18.17 Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso......Page 435
18.18 Using Lojban resources within mekso......Page 437
18.19 Other uses of mekso......Page 438
18.21 Miscellany......Page 440
18.22 Four score and seven: a mekso problem......Page 441
18.23 mekso selma\'o summary......Page 442
18.25 Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.......Page 443
18.26 Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures......Page 444
19.2 Sentences: I......Page 447
19.3 Paragraphs: NIhO......Page 448
19.4 Topic-comment sentences: ZOhU......Page 449
19.5 Questions and answers......Page 451
19.6 Subscripts: XI......Page 453
19.7 Utterance ordinals: MAI......Page 455
19.8 Attitude scope markers: FUhE/FUhO......Page 456
19.9 Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU......Page 457
19.10 More on quotations: ZO, ZOI......Page 458
19.11 Contrastive emphasis: BAhE......Page 460
19.12 Parenthesis and metalinguistic commentary: TO, TOI, SEI......Page 461
19.13 Erasure: SI, SA, SU......Page 463
19.15 No more to say: FAhO......Page 465
19.17 List of Elidable Terminators......Page 466
selma\'o BAI (Section 9.6)......Page 467
selma\'o BIhI (Section 14.16)......Page 468
selma\'o CAI (Section 13.4)......Page 469
selma\'o CU (Section 9.2)......Page 470
selma\'o FAhA (Section 10.2)......Page 471
selma\'o FUhA (Section 18.16)......Page 472
selma\'o GEhU (Section 8.3)......Page 473
selma\'o I (Section 19.2)......Page 474
selma\'o KE (Section 5.5)......Page 475
selma\'o KUhE (Section 18.6)......Page 476
selma\'o LEhU (Section 19.9)......Page 477
selma\'o LUhU (Section 6.10)......Page 478
selma\'o MOhE (Section 18.18)......Page 479
selma\'o NIhE (Section 18.18)......Page 480
selma\'o NUhU (Section 14.11)......Page 481
selma\'o RAhO (Section 7.6)......Page 482
selma\'o SOI (Section 7.8)......Page 483
selma\'o TOI (Section 19.12)......Page 484
selma\'o VEI (Section 18.5)......Page 485
selma\'o VUhO (Section 8.8)......Page 486
selma\'o ZEhA (Section 10.5)......Page 487
selma\'o ZOhU (Section 16.2, Section 19.4)......Page 488
21.1 EBNF Grammar of Lojban......Page 489
21.2 EBNF Cross-Reference......Page 494
Lojban Word Glossary......Page 505
General Index......Page 527
Lojban Words Index......Page 571
Examples Index......Page 581