دانلود کتاب The Echocardiography Companion: Study Guide and Review

فهرست مطالب :

Untitled © Contents 1: Echo Physics Learning Objectives General Considerations 1.1 US Transducer Fig. 1.4 Phased array transducer. 1.2 US Wave and Pulses 1.3 US-Tissue Interaction Fig. 1.7 US-tissue interaction. Fig. 1.8 The Doppler principle. 1.4 Image Formation 1.4.1 PW Doppler 1.4.2 CW Doppler Fig. 1.9 Spectral Doppler display. 1.4.3 Color Doppler 1.5 Image Resolution 1.5.1 Spatial Resolution (Fig. 1.10) Fig. 1.10 Components of spatial resolution. 1.5.1.1 Axial Resolution 1.5.1.2 Lateral Resolution 1.5.2 Temporal Resolution 1.6 US Artifacts 1.6.1 Location Artifacts 1.6.1.1 Axial Direction (Fig. 1.11) 1.6.1.2 Lateral Direction 1.6.2 Attenuation Artifacts Further Reading 2: TTE and Chamber Quantification 2.1 Standard Echocardiographic Views 2.1.1 Parasternal Window Parasternal Long Axis View (PLAX)(Fig. 2.2, Video 2.1) Fig. 2.2 PLAX view. Fig. 2.1 Echo windows. Imaging points: Chambers Fig. 2.3 Aortic Root M-mode. Fig. 2.4 Mitral Valve M-mode. Fig. 2.5 Basal LV M-mode. Doppler Parasternal Right Ventricular Inflow(Tricuspid Tilt)(Fig. 2.6, Video 2.2) Fig. 2.6 RV inflow view. Chambers Parasternal Right Ventricular Outflow(Fig. 2.7, Video 2.3) Fig. 2.7 RV outflow view. Chambers Valves Doppler Parasternal Short Axis View (PSAX) PSAX—AV/Great Vessels(Fig. 2.8, Videos 2.4A and 2.4B) Fig. 2.8 PSAX view AV level. Chambers Valves Doppler PSAX—Mitral Leaflets Level(Fig. 2.9, Video 2.5) Fig. 2.9 PSAX view MV level. Chambers Valves Doppler PSAX—Papillary Muscle Level(Fig. 2.10, Video 2.6) Fig. 2.10 PSAX view papillary muscles level. Chambers PSAX—Apex Level(Fig. 2.11, Video 2.7) Fig. 2.11 PSAX view apical level. Chambers Valves, Doppler 2.1.2 Apical Window Apical Four Chamber View(Fig. 2.12, Video 2.8) Fig. 2.12 Apical 4-chamber View. Apical Five Chamber View(Fig. 2.13, Video 2.9) Fig. 2.13 Apical 5-chamber view. Apical Two Chamber View(Fig. 2.14, Video 2.10) Fig. 2.14 Apical 2-chamber view. Chambers 2.1.3 Subcostal Window 2.1.4 Suprasternal Window 2.2 Additional Imaging Techniques 2.2.1 Agitated Saline (Bubble) Injection 2.2.2 Ultrasound Enhancing Agents—UEA (“Contrast STUDY”) 2.2.3 Strain Imaging Further Reading 3: Transesophageal Echocardiography 3.1 Indications 3.2 Risks/Possible Complications of TEE 3.3 Contraindications to TEE 3.4 Post Procedure 3.5 Instrument Settings (Fig. 3.1) 3.6 Image Display 3.7 Standard Echocardiographic Views 3.7.1 General Imaging Considerations 3.7.2 Deep Trans-Gastric Window (Fig. 3.2, Video 3.1) 3.7.3 Trans-Gastric Window 3.7.4 Mid Esophageal Window 3.7.5 Upper Esophageal Window 3.7.6 Thoracic Aorta Imaging Further Reading 4: Left Ventricular Systolic Function 4.1 Measuring Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output 4.1.1 VTI Based Method (Fig. 4.1) 4.1.2 2D LV Volume Based Method (Fig. 4.2) 4.1.3 3D LV Volume Based Method (Fig. 4.3) 4.2 Measuring Ejection Fraction 4.2.1 Volume Based Method 4.2.2 Visual Estimation 4.2.3 EF Related Measurements 4.3 Measuring LV Contractility 4.3.1 Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) (Fig. 4.4) 4.3.2 Strain Imaging 4.3.3 dP/dT 4.3.4 Myocardial Performance Index (MPI) (Fig. 4.7) 4.4 Assessing LV Segmental Function 4.5 Stress Testing Further Reading 5: Left Ventricular Diastolic Function 5.1 Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diastolic Function 5.2 Diastolic Stress Test Further Reading 6: Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Hypertension 6.1 RV Anatomy and Measurements 6.1.1 RV Blood Supply 6.2 RV Systolic Function Assessment 6.2.1 Qualitative Parameters 6.2.2 Quantitative Parameters (Table 6.1) 6.3 RV Diastolic Function 6.4 Ventricular Interdependence (Fig. 6.4, Video 6.1) 6.5 Acute Pressure Overload 6.6 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) 6.6.1 Definition 6.6.2 Echocardiographic Assessment Further Reading 7: Hemodynamics in the Echo Lab 7.1 The Echocardiographic Swan Ganz Catheter 7.1.1 Intra-Cardiac Pressures 7.1.2 Cardiac Output 7.1.3 Vascular Resistance 7.2 Sample Case in Echocardiographic Hemodynamics Further Reading 8: Aortic Valve 8.1 Aortic Stenosis (AS) 8.1.1 Etiology 8.1.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 8.1.3 Diagnostic Criteria 8.1.4 Discordance Between Calculated AVA and Measured Pressure Gradients (Fig. 8.6) 8.1.5 Compensatory Mechanisms-Adverse Consequences on the Heart 8.1.6 Surveillance and Follow-up 8.1.7 Management 8.1.8 Differential Diagnosis for Increased Gradients Across LVOT/AV Not Due to the AV 8.2 Aortic Insufficiency (AI) 8.2.1 Etiology 8.2.2 Echocardiographic Assessment (Fig. 8.10) 8.2.3 Diagnostic Criteria (Table 8.1) 8.2.4 Compensatory Mechanisms-Adverse Consequences on the Heart 8.2.5 Surveillance and Follow-up 8.2.6 Management 8.3 Congenital Variants 8.3.1 Bicuspid AV 8.3.2 Quadricuspid AV 8.3.3 Unicuspid AV Further Reading 9: Mitral Valve 9.1 Mitral Stenosis (MS) 9.1.1 Etiology 9.1.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 9.1.3 Diagnostic Criteria (Table 9.1) 9.1.4 Compensatory Mechanisms-Adverse Consequences on the Heart 9.1.5 Surveillance and Follow-Up 9.1.6 Management 9.1.7 Rare conditions Mimicking Mitral Stenosis 9.2 Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 9.2.1 Etiology 9.2.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 9.2.3 Diagnostic Criteria (Table 9.6) 9.2.4 Compensatory Mechanisms-Adverse Consequences on the Heart 9.2.5 Surveillance and Follow-Up 9.2.6 Management 9.2.7 MR Management in Special Scenarios Further Reading 10: Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valves 10.1 Tricuspid Stenosis (TS) 10.1.1 Etiology 10.1.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 10.1.3 Diagnostic Criteria 10.1.4 Surveillance and Follow-Up 10.1.5 Management 10.1.6 Differential Diagnosis 10.2 Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) 10.2.1 Etiology 10.2.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 10.2.3 Diagnostic Criteria (Table 10.1) 10.2.4 Surveillance and Follow-Up 10.2.5 Management 10.3 Pulmonic Stenosis (PS) 10.3.1 Etiology 10.3.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 10.3.3 Diagnostic Criteria 10.3.4 Management 10.3.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.4 Pulmonic Insufficiency (PI) 10.4.1 Etiology 10.4.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 10.4.3 Diagnostic Criteria 10.4.4 Surv eillance and Follow-Up 10.4.5 Management Further Reading 11: Prosthetic Valves 11.1 Echocardiographic Evaluation Post Valve Replacement 11.2 Normal Echocardiographic Findings with PHV 11.3 Anticoagulation Post Valve Replacement 11.4 PHV Complications 11.5 Prosthetic Aortic Valve Assessment 11.5.1 Prosthetic Aortic Valve: Increased Gradient 11.5.2 Prosthetic Aortic Valve: Regurgitation 11.6 Prosthetic Mitral Valve Assessment 11.6.1 Prosthetic Mitral Valve: Increased Gradient 11.6.2 Prosthetic Mitral Valve: Regurgitation 11.7 Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve Assessment 11.7.1 Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve: Increased Gradient 11.7.2 Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve: Regurgitation 11.8 Prosthetic Pulmonic Valve Assessment 11.8.1 Prosthetic Pulmonic Valve: Increased Gradient 11.8.2 Prosthetic Pulmonic Valve: Regurgitation Further Reading 12: Cardiomyopathies 12.1 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) 12.1.1 Definition 12.1.2 Etiology 12.1.3 HCM Mimics and Differential Diagnosis 12.1.4 HCM Morphologic Variants (Fig. 12.2) 12.1.5 Echocardiographic Assessment 12.1.6 Pathophysiology of HCM, SAM, LVOTO, and MR 12.1.7 HCM Physiologic Variants: Obstructive and Non-Obstructive 12.1.8 Clinical Manifestations 12.1.9 Management 12.1.10 Screening 12.2 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM) 12.2.1 Definition 12.2.2 Etiology 12.2.3 Clinical Manifestations 12.2.4 Echocardiographic Assessment 12.2.5 Management 12.3 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) 12.3.1 Definition 12.3.2 Etiology 12.3.3 Clinical Manifestations 12.3.4 Echocardiographic Assessment (Fig. 12.9, Videos 12.4A and 12.4B) 12.3.5 Management 12.4 Ventricular Non-Compaction 12.4.1 Clinical manifestations 12.4.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 12.4.3 Management 12.5 Right Sided Cardiomypathies 12.5.1 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 12.5.2 Differential Diagnosis for Right Sided Cardiomyopathies Further Reading 13: Pericardial Disease 13.1 General Characteristics of the Pericardium 13.1.1 Anatomy of the Pericardium 13.1.2 Physiology of the Pericardium 13.2 Acute Pericarditis (AP) 13.2.1 Etiology 13.2.2 Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis 13.2.3 Management 13.2.4 Recurrent Pericarditis 13.3 Pericardial Effusion (PEff) 13.3.1 Etiology 13.3.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 13.3.3 Management 13.4 Cardiac Tamponade 13.4.1 Clinical Manifestations 13.4.2 Echocardiographic Assessment (Fig. 13.3, Videos 13.2A and 13.2B) 13.4.3 Special Situations 13.4.4 Management 13.5 Constrictive Pericarditis (CP) 13.5.1 Etiologies 13.5.2 Clinical Manifestations 13.5.3 Echocardiographic Assessment (Fig. 13.5, Videos 13.4A and 13.4B) 13.5.4 Other Imaging Modalities 13.5.5 Cath Hemodynamic Assessment 13.5.6 Constriction vs. Restriction 13.5.7 Management 13.6 Congenital Absence of the Pericardium 13.6.1 Clinical Manifestations 13.6.2 Echocardiographic Assessment 13.6.3 Management 13.7 Pericardial Cyst 13.8 Pericardial Malignancy 13.8.1 Primary 13.8.2 Secondary Further Reading 14: Aortic Disease 14.1 General Characteristics of the Aorta (Ao) 14.2 Anatomy of the Thoracic Aorta (Fig. 14.1) 14.3 Aortic Atherosclerosis 14.4 Aortic Aneurysm 14.5 Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (SOVA) 14.6 Acute Aortic Syndromes (AAS) 14.6.1 Aortic Dissection (AD) 14.6.2 Intramural Hematoma (IMH) 14.6.3 Penetrating Aortic Ulcer (PAU) 14.7 Coarcation of Aorta 14.8 Chest Trauma/Transection of Aorta Further Reading 15: Congenital Heart Disease 15.1 Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) 15.1.1 Interatrial Septum (IAS) Formation 15.1.2 Clinical Presentation 15.1.3 Types of ASD 15.1.4 Shunt Assessment with  Echocardiography (Fig. 15.5) 15.1.5 Management 15.2 Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) 15.2.1 Anatomy of Interventricular Septum (IVS) (Fig. 15.6): 15.2.2 Classification of VSDs 15.2.3 Echocardiographic Assessment — General Principles (Fig. 15.7) 15.2.4 Types of VSD 15.2.5 Management 15.3 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 15.4 Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) (Fig. 15.12) 15.5 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) (Fig. 15.13) 15.5.1 D-TGA 15.5.2 L-TGA (Congenitally Corrected TGA) 15.5.3 Echocardiographic Assessment (Fig. 15.14, Videos 15.5A, 15.5B, 15.5C and 15.5D) 15.6 Truncus Arteriosus 15.7 Ebstein’s Anomaly (Fig. 15.15, Videos 15.6A and 15.6B) 15.8 COR-Triatriatum 15.9 Fontan Procedure/Circulation 15.10 Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Shunt Further Reading 16: Cardiac Masses 16.1 Cardiac Tumors 16.1.1 Benign Tumors 16.1.2 Malignant Tumors 16.1.3 Cardiac Metastasis 16.2 Non-tumor Massess 16.3 Normal Variants Further Reading 17: Interventional Echocardiography 17.1 Imaging for Structural Heart Disease Interventions 17.2 Real-Time 3 Dimensional Echocardiography 17.3 SHD Interventions 17.4 Approach to the Left Heart 17.5 Specific Procedures 17.5.1 TAVR 17.5.2 Mitral Clip Repair 17.5.3 Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty (BMV) 17.5.4 Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure Further Reading Index