دانلود کتاب The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

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Preface to the Third Edition Foreword Acknowledgments Contents SECTION Basic Concepts Introduction to Medical Imaging The Modalities Image Properties Radiation and the Atom Radiation Structure of the Atom Interaction of Radiation with Matter Particle Interactions X-ray and Gamma-Ray Interactions Attenuation of x-rays and Gamma Rays Absorption of Energy from X-rays and Gamma Rays Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose Image Quality Spatial Resolution Convolution Physical Mechanisms of Blurring The Frequency Domain Contrast Resolution Noise Texture: The Noise Power Spectrum Contrast Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-Noise Ratio Contrast-Detail Diagrams Detective Quantum Efficiency Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves Medical Imaging Informatics Analog and Digital Representation of Data Digital Radiological Images Digital Computers Information Storage Devices Display of Digital Images Computer Networks PACS and Teleradiology Image Processing Security, Including Availablility SECTION Diagnostic Radiology x-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and x-ray Generators Production of x-rays x-ray Tubes x-ray Generators Power Ratings and Heat Loading and Cooling Factors Affecting x-ray Emission Radiography Geometry of Projection Radiography Screen-Film Radiography Computed Radiography Charge-Coupled Device and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor detectors Flat Panel Thin-Film-Transistor Array Detectors Technique Factors in Radiography Scintillators and Intensifying Screens Absorption Efficiency and Conversion Efficiency Other Considerations Radiographic Detectors, Patient Dose, and Exposure Index Dual-Energy Radiography Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiographic Imaging Mammography x-ray Tube and Beam Filtration x-ray Generator and Phototimer System Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing Digital Mammography Radiation Dosimetry Regulatory Requirements Fluoroscopy Functionality Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components Fluoroscopic Detector Systems Automatic Exposure Rate Control Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation Image Quality in Fluoroscopy Fluoroscopy Suites Radiation Dose Computed Tomography Clinical Use CT System Designs Modes of CT Acquisition CT Reconstruction Image Quality in CT CT Image Artifacts CT Generations X-ray Dosimetry in Projection Imaging and Computed Tomography Attenuation of X-rays in Tissue Dose-Related Metrics in Radiography and Fluoroscopy Monte Carlo Dose Computation Equivalent Dose Organ Doses from X-ray Procedures Effective Dose Absorbed Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy CT Dosimetry and Organ Doses Computation of Radiation Risk to the Generic Patient Computation of Patient-Specific Radiation Risk Estimates Diagnostic Reference Levels Increasing Radiation Burden from Medical Imaging Summary: Dose Estimation in Patients Magnetic Resonance Basics: Magnetic Fields, Nuclear Magnetic Characteristics, Tissue Contrast, Image Acquisition Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, and Magnets The Magnetic Resonance Signal Magnetization Properties of Tissues Basic Acquisition Parameters Basic Pulse Sequences MR Signal Localization “K-Space” Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction Summary Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Advanced Image Acquisition Methods, Artifacts, Spectroscopy, Quality Control, Siting, Bioeffects, and Safety Image Acquisition Time MR Image Characteristics Signal from Flow Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast Imaging Magnetization Transfer Contrast MR Artifacts Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Ancillary Components Magnet Siting, Quality Control MR Bioeffects and Safety Summary Ultrasound Characteristics of Sound Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter Ultrasound Transducers Ultrasound Beam Properties Image Data Acquisition Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage Doppler Ultrasound Miscellaneous Ultrasound Capabilities Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts Ultrasound System Performance and Quality Assurance Acoustic Power and Bioeffects Summary SECTION Nuclear Medicine Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships Nuclear Transformation Radionuclide Production, Radiopharmaceuticals, and Internal Dosimetry Radionuclide Production Radiopharmaceuticals Internal Dosimetry Regulatory Issues Radiation Detection and Measurement Types of Detectors and Basic Principles Gas-Filled Detectors Scintillation Detectors Semiconductor Detectors Pulse Height Spectroscopy Nonimaging Detector Applications Counting Statistics Nuclear Imaging—The Scintillation Camera Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera Computers in Nuclear Imaging Nuclear Imaging—Emission Tomography Focal Plane Tomography in Nuclear Medicine Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Positron Emission Tomography Dual Modality Imaging—SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI Clinical Aspects, Comparison of PET and SPECT, and Dose SECTION Radiation Biology and Protection Radiation Biology Overview Interaction of Radiation with Tissue Molecular and Cellular Response to Radiation Organ System Response to Radiation Whole Body Response to Radiation: The Acute Radiation Syndrome Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure Radiation Effects Radiation Protection Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Personnel Dosimetry Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety Fundamental Principles and Methods of Exposure Control Structural Shielding of Imaging Facilities Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Imaging Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits Prevention of Errors Management of Radiation Safety Programs IMAGING OF PREGNANT AND POTENTIALLY PREGNANT PATIENTS Medical Emergencies Involving Ionizing Radiation SECTION Appendices Fundamental Principles of Physics Physics Laws, Quantities, and Units Classical Physics Electricity and Magnetism Digital Computers Components and Operation of Computers Performance of Computers Computer Software Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic Data Mass Attenuation Coefficients Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Elements Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Compounds Mass Energy Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Detector Compounds Effective Doses, Organ Doses, and Fetal Doses from Medical Imaging Procedures Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and Dosimetry Convolution and Fourier Transforms Convolution The Fourier Transform The Fourier Transform in Filtered Backprojection The Fourier Transform and the Modulation Transfer Function Fourier Analysis of Noise: The Noise Power Spectrum Radiation Dose: Perspectives and Comparisons Radionuclide Therapy Home Care Guidelines General Safety Guide for Outpatients Receiving Radioiodine Therapy: Less Than 10 mci General Safety Guide for Outpatients Receiving Radioiodine Therapy: More Than 10 mci Index Index