دانلود کتاب The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Introduction I. Scientific Philosophy 1. The Criteria of Science 2. Empiricism and Atomism 3. Science and Metaphysics 4. The task proposed Part I－The Physical World II. The Physical World 1. The Revolution in Physics 2. Order of Procedure III. Relativity 1. Classical Concepts 2. The special Theory of Relativity 3. The idea of the field 4. The General Theory of Relativity 5. Electrical and magnetic forces 6. Unification of the physical world IV. The Primordial Matrix 1. The Plenum 2. Samuel Alexander's Theory 3. Co-existence and Succession 4. 'Time is the mind of space' 5. Organizing Relations 6. Polyphasic Unity V. The Expanding Universe 1. Closure of the Universe 2. 'That Queer Quantity Infinity' 3. The 'True Infinite' 4. Alternative Cosmologies 5. Eddington and the Constants of Nature 6. Milne's Kinematic Theory 7. Interrelatedness VI. Matter and Energy 1. Open Questions 2. The New Theory of Matter 3. Subject and Object 4. Probability 5. The Problem of Continuous Description 6. Waves and Particles 7. The Principle of Exclusion 8. The Atom VII. Wholeness and Hierarchy 1. The Unified World 2. Form and Matter, Order and Chance 3. Hierarchal Order 4. Whole and Part Part II－The Realm of Life VIII. The Riddle of Life 1. What is Life? 2. Crystals 3. New Levels of Organization 4. Open Systems 5. Auturgy IX. Biochemistry, Natural Selection and the Origin of Life 1. The Crux of the Problem 2. Biogenic and Abiogenic Synthesis 3. Philosophical Implications X. Organic Activity 1. The Cell 2. Growth 3. Differentiation 4. Reproduction 5. Development 6. Regulation XI. Homeostasis and Relevant Variation XII. Evolution 1. Introductory 2. Neo-Darwinism 3. The Argument from Improbability 4. Organismic Control of Mutation 5. Survival Value 6. Biocoenosis 7. Directional Progress XIII. Mechanism and Teleology 1. Materialism and Vitalism 2. Objections to Teleology 3. Regulation and Design 4. Organization 5. Prolepsis 6. Orthogenesis and Lamarkism 7. End and Process XIV. The Philosophy of Process and Organism 1. Scala Naturae 2. Organism and Dialetic Part III－Mentality XV. Body and Mind 1. Mind and Consciousness 2. Psycho-physical Continuity 3. Sensitivity and Sensibility 4. Neural-Identity Theory 5. Intensity of Integration XVI. Feeling 1. The 'Critical Pitch' of Organization 2. Primitive Sentience 3. Exteroceptive Sensations 4. Field Organization 5. Emotion 6. Feeling and Movement XVII. Consciousness 1. Attention as Organizing Agency 2. Creation of Data 3. Attention and Activity 4. Schemata and objects XVIII. Behaviour 1. Molar and Molecular 2. Appearance and Reality 3. The Structure of Instinctive Behaviour 4. Purposiveness 5. Learning XIX. Perception－I Physiological Theories 1. Perception as Appearance 2. Physiological Idealism 3. Cybernetics XX. Perception－II Psychological Theories 1. Why Do Things Look as they Do? 2. Gestalt and Cell Assembly 3. 'Set' and Functionalism 4. Epistemological Implications 5. Directive State and 'Hypothesis' 6. Observation and Scientific Theory 7. Perception as Organization 8. Datum or Constructum? A Note on Memory XXI. Intelligence 1. Intelligence and Adaptation 2. Subjectivity and Objectivity 3. Development of Intelligent Behaviour 4. Insight and Organized Knowledge - the Würzburg Discoveries 5. Development of Operational Thinking 6. Intellect and Action 7. The Generation of Information Part IV－Outline of A Metaphysic XXII. Relatedness and System 1. Return from Analysis 2. Holism and Pluralism 3. System, Individuation and Overlap of Terms 4. Relations and Continua 5. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Continua 6. Progression and Completion 7. Principle of Organization and Universality 8. System XXIII. Space, Time and Causality 1. Space-time as Metric and Scale 2. The Ambiguity of Time 3. Time and Causal Determination 4. Freedom XXIV. Mind and Knowledge 1. Immanence of the Generic Form 2. Idealism and Materialism; Emergence and Vitalism 3. The Real and the Rational 4. The Status of Science Index of Names Index of Subjects