دانلود کتاب The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World (Routledge Worlds)

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Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
Preliminary remarks
Hellenistic Central Asia: A brief introduction
Outline
Acknowledgements
References
Part I Interactions
Chapter 2 The Seleukid Empire
Introduction
The conquests of Seleukos I Nikator (311–281 BCE)
Apama, Demodamas, and Antiochos
The making of Seleukid Central Asia (294–261 BCE)
Seleukid sites in Central Asia
From Antiochos I to Antiochos III (261–222 BCE)
The reign of Antiochos III the Great (222/1–187 BCE)
Conclusion: The impact of empire
Notes
References
Chapter 3 South Asia
Introduction
The Mauryan dynasty in Graeco-Roman and South Asian literature
Aśokan inscriptions and Buddhist sources
Mauryan sites and artefacts
Archaeology
Aśokan pillars
Stone sculpture
Punch-marked coins
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Parthia
Introduction
Geography
History of research
The Achaemenid period
The Hellenistic and Parthian periods
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Central Asia and the Steppe
A brief cultural geography of the northern frontier
Sources and methodological problems
Elite networks across Central Asia during the pre-Achaemenid and Achaemenid period
The coming of the Greeks: consequences for Central Asia
The independence of Sogdiana
The formation of the Xiongnu Steppe Empire and its consequences across Central Asia
Age of migrations? New networks and new sources on the post-Hellenistic period
‘Hellenism’ as an element in the Central Eurasian prestige economy at the turn of the millennium
Notes
References
Chapter 6 China and Bactria during the reign of Emperor Wu in written tradition and in archaeology
The Memoirs of Dayuan
Emperor Wu of Han and Bactria according to the Shiji
Emperor Wu of Han and Bactria in Han material culture
Conclusion
Literature
Part II History of Scholarship
Chapter 7 The quest for Bactra: Scholarship on the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom from its origins to the end of colonialism
When it all began
Hellenistic Bactria in the shadow of European colonialism
Ancient Bactria and India revealed by travellers, adventurers, officers and statesmen
Bactria and the end of European colonialism
Notes
References
Chapter 8 The original ‘failure’? A century of French archaeology in Afghan Bactria1
Introduction
Foucher, from Calcutta to Kabul (March 1921–November 1923): The birth of the DAFA
Bactra, a shared dream
A difficult mission
The Foucher mission as seen by the British
The results of the mission as presented by Foucher himself
Erasing the ‘Failure’ of Bactra? Further work of the DAFA (1922–2014)
Indicative List of Bactrian Sites Explored by the DAFA12 =
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Hellenism With or Without Alexander the Great: Russian, Soviet and Central Asian approaches1
Introduction
Prelude to the study of Hellenism in Central Asia
The beginnings of the Russian school
First contacts with the landscape
Political manipulation of the ‘restoration’ of the empire of Alexander and the mission civilisatrice
Colonial patrimony: The heritage of Alexander at Samarkand
Investigations in the field: Continuing disagreement over the identification of Samarkand with Marakanda
Colonial Patrimony: The heritage of Alexander at Merv and the Alexander Romance
Visions of Alexander in Russian publications
Russian researchers and Europe
Alexander and the Hellenism of the Soviets
The ‘Soviet School’ of the 1920s–1970s and its critique of ‘bourgeois’ theories
Soviet definitions of Hellenism
The advent of new interpretations of Central Asian history and Hellenism at the fringes
The importance of local cultures
From ‘mirage’ to reality
The revision and relaxation of Marxist concepts
Chronological limits and the flow of Hellenism
The question of style
New archaeological approaches
Alexander and historical geography
New philological approaches
The current state of the issue
Abbreviations
Archives
Notes
References
Part III Regional Archaeological Survey
Chapter 10 Afghan Bactria
History of research
The conquest of Alexander the Great
Bactra and Ai Khanoum, two capital cities
Ai Khanoum
Bactra
Irrigation and cultivation
The territory of Ai Khanoum
The other plains of Eastern Bactria
Western Bactrian oases
A network of fortresses and military posts
References
Chapter 11 Southern Uzbekistan1
Introduction
Geography
Field work
Settlement pattern
Ancient place names
The Crossing of the Oxus
Individual Greco-Bactrian centres
History7
From Dareios III to Antiochos I
Graeco-Bactrian period
Economy and subsistence strategies
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 12 Southern Tajikistan
Introduction
Archaeology in southern Tajikistan from the beginning to the present day
Physical and cultural landscapes of southern Tajikistan
The Oxus Treasure
The Oxus Temple at Takht-i Sangin
The Kulyab-Vose Oasis and adjacent mountain valleys
The Moskovsky Oasis
The Farkhor Oasis with Saksanokhur
The Pyandzh Oasis
The Dangara plateau and adjacent regions
The Hellenistic sanctuary at Torbulok
The Yavan and Vakhsh Oases
The Dushanbe-Gissar Oasis and adjacent regions
The Kabadian-Shakhri Tuz Oasis
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Sogdiana
Introduction
Geography
The cultural and historical background
Alexander’s conquest and the Seleukid occupation
Hellenistic evidence in northern Sogdiana
Hellenistic evidence in southern Sogdiana (Kashka Darya)
The independence of Sogdiana
Sogdiana after independence: A new wave of Hellenization
Note
References
Chapter 14 Merv and Margiana
Introduction to the theme of the chapter
Written sources
A brief history of research
Theme 1: the wall of Antiochos I Soter
Theme 2: the Hellenistic foundations at Erk Kala and Gyaur Kala
Theme 3: the study of material culture
Settlement patterns in the oasis
Hellenism on the ground
History and archaeology – an uneasy relationship
The nature of the evidence
Architecture
Coins
Pottery
Small finds
Settlement patterns in the oasis
Margiana under Hellenistic rule
Administration and public life
Monetary system and economy
Religion
Everyday life
Note
References
Chapter 15 Arachosia, Drangiana and Areia1
Introduction
Geography (FIGURE 15.1)
The Achaemenid background
Archaeology
Field-work
Old Kandahar
The Kandahar region
Drangiana
Areia
Identities
Notes
References
Chapter 16 Gandhāra and North-Western India
Preamble
The liability of the archaeologist
The state of research: materials
A geographical divide (Figure 16.1)
The state of the research: the sites
Taxila
Charsadda
Barikot and the evidence from Swat
The Greek antecedents of Barikot
A digression on chronology
The non-Greek component: pottery
The Greek component: pottery
The multi-lingual community
Udegram24
Barama and Butkara I
The local component: names, burial features and DNA
Notes
References
Part IV Written Sources
Chapter 17 Greek inscriptions and documentary texts and the Graeco-Roman historical tradition
Introduction
Inscriptions and documentary texts
Inscriptions
Epigraphic traditions
Administrative documents
Other texts
How closely connected was Central Asia to the Hellenistic world?
How widely was the Greek language used?
The Greek and Roman tradition
Contemporary accounts
Polybios
Strabo
Justin and Pompeius Trogus
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
Using these sources
References
Chapter 18 Reading the Milindapañha: Indian historical sources and the Greeks in Bactria
Importance of the MilindapaÑha
How to read the MilindapaÑha
Menander in other Indian sources
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 19 Chinese historical sources and the Greeks in the Western Regions1,2
Introduction
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
Part V Numismatic Sources
Chapter 20 History from coins: The role of numismatics in the study of the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek worlds
Introduction
Outline of coinages
Previous scholarship
The tools of the numismatist
Iconographic studies
Metal analysis
Hoard and circulation analysis
Die studies
Notes
References
Chapter 21 Two sides of the coin: From Sophytes to Skanda-Kārttikeya
Introduction
Iconography
Head of Athena
Helmeted male
Cockerel
Control marks: caduceus and the letters ‘M’, ‘MN’ and ‘MNA’
Die study and weight standard
Die study
Weight standard
Conclusions
References
Chapter 22 Dating Bactria’s independence to 246/5 BC?
Background for the reappraisal
Antiochos Nikator
‘King’ Antiochos, son of Berenike
Did Diodotos rebel during the Third Syrian War?
Reinterpreting Bactria’s Seleukid coinage
A critical analysis of Justin and Strabo
The Adoulis inscription and Strategemata
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
Chapter 23 Monetary policies during the early Graeco-Bactrian kingdom (250–190 BCE)
Introduction
Die-studies: what, why and what for?
Recent research
Diodotos I and II
Euthydemos I
Monograms and their interpretation
Monetary production and mints
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 The last phase of the Indo-Greeks: Methods, interpretations and new insights in reconstructing the past
Methods
Numismatic features and their deployment
Monograms – their nature and sequences
Portraiture and ‘realism’
Hoards and hoard analysis
Counterstriking
Interpretations based on the methods: Reconstructing the last phase
‘Tribal’ features on late Indo-Greek coins (and vice versa):
‘Trident-battle axe’ – what might it tell us?
References
Part VI Culture and Identity
Chapter 25 Ai Khanoum, between east and west: A composite architecture
Ai Khanoum
Eukratideia
The houses
Origin
Posterity
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Abbreviations:
Chapter 26 Globalization and interpreting visual culture
Introduction: “the hub of half the planet”
Defining globalization for antiquity
Common uses and misunderstandings: a clarification
Methodological implications
Translocalism: the promise of globalization
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 27 Representation of GREEK gods/goddesses in Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek visual culture
Notes
References
Chapter 28 Roman objects in the Begram hoard and the memory of Greek rule in Kushan Central Asia
Acknowledgement
References
Part VII Beyond the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Worlds
Chapter 29 Central Asia in the Achaemenid period
Introduction
Central Asia before the Achaemenid period
Ulug Depe
Koktepa
Bektepa and Jandavlat Tepa
Central Asia and the Achaemenid Empire
Central Asia in Achaemenid iconography
Political Relations between Central Asia and the Achaemenid Empire
Central Asia in the Achaemenid administrative system
Central Asian Landscape during the Achaemenid period
New settlements
Kyzyltepa: A case study
Ritual and religion in Central Asia
Ritual structures in Achaemenid Central Asia
Sacred and political landscape
Notes
References
Chapter 30 Achaemenid north-west South Asia
Introduction
Regionally distinct cultural assemblages in the Indo-Iranian borderlands in the early first millennium BC
Peshawar, Swat and Taxila
The Bannu Basin
The Kachi Plain and the Makran
Achaemenid control at the eastern edge of the empire: the historical evidence
Reliefs, inscriptions and texts from Behistun and Persepolis
The east of the Achaemenid Empire as documented by the Alexander historians
Achaemenid control at the eastern edge of the empire: the archaeological evidence
The valleys of Gandhāra
Akra and the Bannu Basin
Baluchistan and Sindh
The archaeology of Alexander in India
Dual types of authority and emulation at the eastern edge of the empire
Conclusions
References
Chapter 31 Greekness after the end of the Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
Successor states
Continuity and change in the Greek coinage tradition
Indo-Scythian coins
Indo-Parthian coins
Kushan coins
Greek names and terminology known from post-Indo-Greek inscriptions
Greek names
Greek titles
Greek eras and calendar
Staters and drachmas
Greek gods and the influence of Greek art after the end of Greek rule
Greek gods
Gods on seals and sealings
‘Graeco-Buddhist art’
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Index