دانلود کتاب The Hidden Link Between Earth’s Magnetic Field and Climate

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Cover THE HIDDEN LINK BETWEEN EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD AND CLIMATE Copyright List of abbreviations Geomagnetic field-Origin, spatial-temporal structure, and variability Geomagnetic field structure-Dipole and nondipole components; temporal variability Direct and indirect observations of geomagnetic field Characteristics of Earth's main magnetic field Description of the present magnetic field Secular variations Westward drift Geomagnetic reversal Origin of the geomagnetic field Empirical models of the geomagnetic field References Variations and covariation in palaeoclimate and palaeomagnetic field Introduction to the problem of geomagnetic-climate coupling Geomagnetic jerks and climate changes Drift of geomagnetic poles and its influence on climate variability Centennial synchronization between palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimatic changes in North America and Europe References Current understanding about the factors driving climate variability External forcings and mechanisms of their influence on climate Variations in solar luminosity Variations of the solar magnetic field Changes of Earth orbital parameters (Milankovitch cycles) Galactic cosmic rays Lithospheric activity and its influence on climate variations Volcanoes Plate tectonics Spatial distribution of continents over the globe Continental elevation Carbon dioxide (CO2) Variations in the geomagnetic field intensity Internal variations of climate system within a framework of an average climate status The oceans Planetary albedo Sea ice and climate Atmospheric composition Climate modes Life systems Regional character of climate variations-Challenge for all existing hypotheses References Contemporary evidence for existing relation between geomagnetic and climatic parameters Choosing the methods for climate analysis Linear statistics as an option for time series analyses Some results from nonlinear statistics Convolution of palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimate variations Geomagnetic signal in recent climate records Similarities in spatial-temporal variations of the geomagnetic field and some climatic parameters Evidence for existing relations between galactic cosmic rays and some climate variables Multidecadal quasiperiodicities in the geomagnetic field and climate variations References Galactic cosmic rays and solar particles in Earth's atmosphere Origin, compositional structure, and variability of energetic particles entering Earth's atmosphere Galactic cosmic rays Long-term variability Short-term variations Energy spectrum Solar energetic particles Charged particles movement in heterogeneous magnetic field Energy losses of particles moving through the atmosphere Hemispherical asymmetry in charged particles confinement by the geomagnetic field Regional focusing of cosmic rays in the lower atmosphere Analysis of neutron monitors annual means Geomagnetic lensing of charged particles in the lower stratosphere-upper troposphere Spatial distribution of neutron monitors seasonal variations Cosmogenic isotopes in Earth's atmosphere More evidence of charged particles modulation by the geomagnetic field References Energetic particles impact on the near tropopause ozone and water vapour Production of lower stratospheric ozone by GCRs Tropospheric O3 destruction by GCRs Solar protons influence on the total O3 density Destruction of mesospheric and upper stratospheric O3 Ozone self-restoration at lower atmospheric levels Hemispherical and longitudinal asymmetry of ozone response to energetic particles forcing Response of total O3 density to GCR impact GCR influence on the lower stratospheric O3 Solar protons and stratospheric O3 Statistical evidence for GCR influence on the near tropopause water vapour Interplay between near tropopause ozone and water vapour Appendix References Mechanisms of geomagnetic influence on climate Brief review of existing mechanisms Ozone as a mediator of geomagnetic influence on climate Tropopause temperature adjustment to changes in the lower stratospheric ozone density Response of the upper tropospheric static stability and water vapour density to changes in tropopause temperature Surface temperature response to the variations in the greenhouse effect of the near tropopause ozone and water vapour GCR projection on the ozone-water vapour coupling in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere Model simulation of the proposed mechanism for lower stratospheric ozone influence on climate Impact of aerosol chemistry and near tropopause O3 in surface cooling of China Impact of the upper tropospheric water vapour on surface temperature variability References Geomagnetic field and internal climate modes Relations between lower stratospheric ozone and the North Atlantic Oscillation The imprint of near tropopause ozone and water vapour on the ENSO mode Concluding remarks References Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Z