دانلود کتاب The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting

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Preface\nChapter 1. Schwa in the history of English\n1.1. Problems involved in the present study\n1.2. Forces at play in schwa loss\n1.3. Remarks on method\n1.4. Analytical procedures\nChapter 2. More background: Accounts of schwa loss\n2.1. Choice of sources\n2.2. Lorenz Morsbach (1896): Mittelenglische Grammatik\n2.3. Karl Luick (1921–1940): Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache\n2.4. Richard Jordan: (1934/1968) Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik\n2.5. Wilhelm Horn/Martin Lehnert (1954): Laut und Leben. Englische Lautgeschichte der neueren Zeit (1400–1950)\n2.6. Karl Brunner (1962): Die englische Sprache, ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung. Vols. I, II\n2.7. Joseph Wright and E. M. Wright (1923): An Elementary Middle English Grammar\n2.8. Fernand Mossé (1949): Manuel de l’anglais du moyen âge\n2.9. Jacek Fisiak (1970): A Short Grammar of Middle English\n2.10. Peter Erdmann (1972): Tiefenphonologische Lautgeschichte der englischen Vokale\n2.11. Summary\nChapter 3. Textual evidence\n3.1. Principles and methods specific to the study of schwa loss in Middle English\n3.2. Types of evidence\n3.3. Graphically marked morpho-syntactic loss of -e\n3.4. Unetymological final -e\n3.5. Elision in hiatus\n3.6. Rhyme evidence\n3.7. Scribal errors, editorial corrections\n3.8. Graphically unmarked evidence\nChapter 4. Phonological aspects of schwa loss\n4.1. The phonemic status of schwa in Middle English\n4.2. The Middle phonemic inventory\n4.3. Distribution\n4.4. Phonetic parameters. Distinctive features\n4.5. Phonological correlates of schwa loss\n4.6. Some consequences\nChapter 5. Morphological aspects of schwa loss\n5.1. The morpho-syntactic functions of schwa\n5.2. The morphologization of schwa loss\n5.3. Classification and ranking of factors for schwa loss\n5.4. Syntactic correlates\n5.5. Extralinguistic factors\n5.6. Hierarchy of factors within individual word classes\nChapter 6. Early schwa deletion as a prosodic phenomenon\n6.1. Early schwa loss data\n6.2. The shared properties of early schwa loss\n6.3. The rhythmic phrasing of early schwa deletion\n6.4. The Early Schwa Deletion Rule\nChapter 7. Schwa preservation in Late Middle English as a prosodic phenomenon\n7.1. Final -e in weak adjectival inflexions\n7.2. The weak adjectives in Chaucer\n7.3. The weak adjectives in non-Chaucerian Late Middle English\n7.4. Accounts of adjectival schwa preservation\n7.5. The rhythmic nature of final -e\n7.6. The metrical structure of adjectival phrases\n7.7. The proposal reviewed: objections\n7.8. Conclusion\nBibliography\nIndex