دانلود کتاب The Human Connectome: How the Brain Works

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Foreword
Introduction
Contents
About the Author
1: History
1.1 Antiquity and the Prescientific Era
1.2 The Dawn of the Scientific Era
1.3 From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance and the Early Modern Era
1.4 The Great Revolutions and the Extinction of the Supernatural
References
2: Gross Anatomy of the Brain
2.1 Gross Functional Anatomy
2.2 Connections Among Brain Areas
2.3 Brain Blood Flow
References
3: Cellular Structure and Histological Architecture of the Brain
3.1 Structural Components of the Brain
3.2 Microtopographic Organization of the Brain
References
4: The Cell Membrane
4.1 The Membrane
4.2 The Resting Potential
4.3 The Action Potential
4.4 After the Action Potential Period
4.5 Local Potentials
References
5: Neurotransmitters
5.1 General Concepts
5.2 Definition of a Neurotransmitter
5.3 Classification of Neurotransmitters
5.3.1 Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters or Biogenic Amines
5.3.2 Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuroactive Peptides
5.3.3 Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters
5.3.3.1 Acetylcholine (Ach)
5.3.3.2 Serotonin (5-HT)
5.3.3.3 Norepinephrine (NE)
5.3.3.4 Dopamine (DA)
5.3.3.5 Histamine (His)
5.3.4 Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuroactive Peptides
5.3.4.1 Glutamate (Glu)
5.3.4.2 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
5.3.4.3 Glycine (Gly)
5.3.4.4 Neuroactive Peptides
Hypothalamic Neuropeptides
Brain-Borne Neuropeptides
Pituitary Hormones
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Peptides
Brain-Borne Opioid Peptides
Brain-Borne Gastrointestinal or Brain-Gut Neuropeptides
Other Neuropeptides
Neuroactive Steroids
5.3.5 Gliotransmitters
5.4 Cotransmission
References
6: The Neural Synapse
6.1 Background
6.2 Chemical Synapses
6.2.1 Receptors
6.2.1.1 Acetylcholine Receptors
6.2.1.2 Serotonin Receptors
6.2.1.3 Norepinephrine Receptors
6.2.1.4 Dopamine Receptors
6.2.1.5 Histamine Receptors
6.2.1.6 Glutamate Receptors
6.2.1.7 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Receptors
6.2.1.8 Opioid Receptors
6.2.1.9 Sigma Receptors
6.2.2 Neurotransmitter Reuptake
6.3 Electrical Synapses
6.4 Autapses
References
7: Functional Significance of Neurotransmitter Systems
7.1 The Functional Role of the Cholinergic System
7.2 The Functional Role of the Serotonergic System
7.2.1 Pathways and Information Input into the Serotonin System
7.2.2 Regulation of Serotonin Activity
7.2.3 Projections of Serotonergic Pathways
7.2.4 The Role of Serotonergic Receptors
7.3 The Functional Role of the Norepinephrine System
7.3.1 Pathways and Information Input into the Norepinephrine System
7.3.2 Regulation of Norepinephrine Activity
7.4 The Functional Role of the Dopamine System
7.4.1 Pathways and Information Input into the Dopaminergic System
7.4.2 Regulation of Dopaminergic Activity
7.4.3 Projections of Dopamine Pathways
7.4.4 The Role of Dopamine Receptors
7.5 The Functional Role of the Histamine System
7.5.1 The Role of Histamine in the Brain and the Body
7.5.2 The Role of Histamine Receptors
7.6 The Functional Role of the Glutamatergic System
7.6.1 The Role of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
7.6.1.1 The Role of the NMDA Receptors
7.6.1.2 The Role of the Kainate Receptors
7.6.2 The Role of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
7.7 The Functional Role of the GABAergic System
7.8 The Functional Role of the Neuropeptide System
7.8.1 The General Functional Role of Neuropeptides
7.8.2 The Role of Neuropeptide Receptors
7.9 General Principles of Neurotransmitter Systems Self-Regulation
References
8: Second Messenger Systems
8.1 From the Synapsis to the Second Messenger
8.1.1 G-Protein
8.1.2 Effectors
8.2 Second Messengers
8.2.1 Classes of Second Messenger Molecules
8.2.2 Second Messenger Pathways and Systems
References
9: Neurotrophic Factors
9.1 Basics for Neurotrophic Factors
9.2 Neurotrophic Factor Molecules
9.3 Neurotrophic Factor Receptors
9.4 Neurotrophic Factor Actions
9.5 Other Neurotrophic Mechanisms and Substances
References
10: Functional Organization of the Brain
10.1 Basic Functional Anatomy of the Brain
10.2 Perception
10.3 Neuronal Circuits
10.4 Internal Representation of the External Environment
10.5 Decision-Making and Action
References
11: Higher Mental Functions
11.1 Attention and Concentration
11.1.1 Neuropsychological Models of Attention
11.1.2 Neurobiology of Attention
11.2 Memory and Learning
11.2.1 Categories of Memory and Learning
11.2.2 Neurobiology of Memory and Learning
11.3 Visuospatial Function
11.4 Praxis
11.5 Language
11.6 Arithmetic Calculations
11.7 Abstract Thinking
11.8 Executive Functions and Neurocognitive Control
11.8.1 Neuropsychological Definition of Executive Function
11.8.2 Neurobiology of Executive Functions
11.9 Social Cognition and Theory of Mind
References
12: Thought
12.1 Basic Characteristics of Human Thinking
12.2 General Intelligence
References
13: Mood, Affect, and Emotions
13.1 Mood, Affect, and Emotions
13.2 The Role of Mood, Affect, and Emotions
13.3 Neurobiology of Mood, Affect, and Emotions
13.4 Comparison of Rational and Emotional Processing
References
14: Sleep
14.1 General Comments on Sleep
14.2 The Structure of Sleep
14.3 Neurobiology of Sleep
14.4 The Role of Sleep in Brain and Body Functions
14.5 Dreaming
References
15: Consciousness and Free Will
15.1 Theoretical Approach of Consciousness
15.2 Neurobiology of Consciousness
15.3 The Concept of Free Will
15.4 Determinism Vs. Randomness
15.5 Physics, Mind, and the Brain
15.6 Neurobiology and Free Will
References
16: Temperament, Personality, and Character
16.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions
16.2 Models of Human Personality
16.3 Neurobiology of Human Personality
References
17: Differences Between Genders in the Organization and the Functioning of the Brain
17.1 Differences Between Genders in Observed Behavior
17.2 Structural Brain Differences Between Genders
17.2.1 Basic Biological Differences
17.2.2 Whole Brain Volume
17.2.3 Regional Differences
17.2.3.1 Hypothalamus
17.2.3.2 Limbic System and Basal Ganglia
17.2.3.3 Posterior Brain and Medulla Oblongata
17.2.4 Differences in Gray Matter
17.2.5 Differences in White Matter and Connectivity
17.2.6 Relationship to Sexual Orientation
17.3 Differences in Neurobiological Function of the Brain Between Genders
17.4 The Role of Sexual Hormones and Genes in the Development and Functioning of the Brain
References
18: Genetics of Brain Structure and Function
18.1 Human Genetics
18.1.1 Basic Human Genetics
18.1.2 Patterns of Inheritance
18.1.3 Human Variation and Its Components
18.1.4 Methods in Behavior Genetics Research
18.2 Brain and Behavior Genetics
18.2.1 The Most Important Genetic Markers Identified So Far
18.2.2 Phenotypes and Endophenotypes
18.3 Conclusions from Genetic Studies
References
19: Psychoneurobiology, Brain, and Society (Sociobiology)
19.1 Evolutionary Social Biopsychology
19.2 Sociobiology
References
20: Acronyms
20.1 Acronyms to Full Names
20.2 Full Names to Acronyms