دانلود کتاب The Language Organ: Linguistics as Cognitive Physiology

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Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
1 Studying the human language faculty......Page 23
1.1 Linguistics and the mind/brain......Page 25
1.2 Linguistics as history......Page 27
1.3 Linguistics as the study of E-language......Page 34
1.4 Linguistics as the study of I-language......Page 36
2.1.1 Two grammatical puzzles......Page 40
2.1.2 Where does this knowledge come from?......Page 42
2.2 The nature of grammars......Page 45
2.3 Back to the puzzles......Page 47
2.4.1 The poverty of the stimulus......Page 56
2.4.2 The analytical triplet......Page 58
2.4.3 Real-time acquisition of grammars......Page 60
2.5 Conclusion......Page 62
3.1 The emergence of syntax within linguistics......Page 63
3.2 Successive merger and deletion......Page 65
3.2.1 Delete that......Page 67
3.2.2 Deleting copies......Page 69
3.2.3 Incorporating deleted items......Page 74
3.2.4 Understanding some diversity......Page 77
3.3.1 Morphological case......Page 83
3.3.2 Case theory......Page 85
3.3.3 Links between morphological case and abstract Case......Page 87
3.4 Conclusion......Page 88
4 Sound patterns in language......Page 89
4.1 Phonetics as theory......Page 90
4.2 Phonology: language-particular structure......Page 95
4.2.1 Phonological representations......Page 96
4.2.2 Relating phonological and phonetic form......Page 99
4.2.3 Morphophonemic representations......Page 102
4.3 Morphophonemics and I-language......Page 105
5 Describing linguistic knowledge......Page 114
5.1 Phonological knowledge as it appears in borrowing......Page 115
5.2 Can rules express phonological knowledge?......Page 118
5.3.1 Constraints vs. rules: patterns vs. effects......Page 121
5.3.2 An example: voice assimilation......Page 128
5.4 The extension of constraint-based description......Page 131
6.1 Representations and the study of sound structure......Page 133
6.2 A linguistic basis for phonetic representation......Page 136
6.2.1 Measurable but \"unintended\" effects......Page 137
6.2.2 Intended effects hidden from observation......Page 145
6.2.3 Discreteness of phonetic dimensions......Page 146
6.2.4 Timing effects......Page 147
6.3 Speech microprosody: a research program......Page 149
6.4 Conclusion......Page 151
7 Morphology......Page 153
7.1 The lexicon......Page 154
7.2 Words and \"morphemes\"......Page 156
7.2.1 Monotonicity in word formation......Page 159
7.2.2 The solidarity of form and content......Page 169
7.2.3 Directionality in word formation......Page 172
7.3 Productivity......Page 174
7.4 Conclusions about lexical organization......Page 177
8.1 Long-term directionality in the twentieth century......Page 179
8.2 Grammars and time......Page 183
8.3 English auxiliary verbs......Page 184
8.4 Syntactic effects of the loss of case......Page 197
8.5 Chaos......Page 205
9.1 Principles of Universal Grammar: active early......Page 208
9.2 New phenomena......Page 213
9.3 Experimental technique......Page 216
9.4 Nature of the trigger......Page 220
9.5.1 Children’s early knowledge......Page 228
9.5.2 Birds’ development of song......Page 232
9.6 Conclusion......Page 236
10 The organic basis of language......Page 238
10.1 Only humans have language organs......Page 241
10.2 Language is a function of the brain......Page 243
10.2.1 Language localization in the brain......Page 246
10.2.2 Studying the functional anatomy of language......Page 247
10.3 Language is a particular faculty......Page 258
10.4 Conclusions......Page 260
References......Page 266
Index......Page 279