دانلود کتاب The Maya and Climate Change: Human-Environmental Relationships in the Classic Period Lowlands

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Cover
Half Title
Series
The Maya and Climate Change
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
1. Shifting the Focus
A Long-​Standing Fascination with Collapse
A Brief Introduction to Maya History and Culture
Shifting the Focus
The Maya Environmental Mosaic
Book Overview
2. From Camera Lucida to Lidar: A Brief History of Maya Archaeology
The Maya Enigma
Thinking About Maya Human-​Environment Relationships
The Early Explorers
Early Frameworks for the Decline of Classic Maya Civilization
Settlement Patterns and Human-​Environment Relationships
The Managed Mosaic
Resilience Theory
Recent Developments in Technology and Methodology
Reconstructing the Precipitation Record
Lake Cores
Speleothems
Reconstructing Forest Management and Agricultural Practices
Microbotanical Analyses
Macrobotanical Analyses
Landscape Analyses
Isotopic Analyses
Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Evidence
Reconstructing Ancient Stone-​Processing Techniques
The Lidar Revolution
3. Forests
Introduction
Maya Conceptions of “Forest”
Maya Forests
The Bounty of the Forest
Archaic and Preclassic Period Agroforestry
Classic Maya Forest Management
Ethnographic Insights
Tending the Forests
Land Ownership
Agroforestry at Tikal
Apiculture
Summary
4. Fields
Introduction
Crops
The Three Sisters
Tree Crops
Additional Crops
The Earliest Maya Farmers
Classic Period Agriculture
Social Organization
A Mosaic of Agricultural Practices
Homegardens, Infields, and Orchards
Milpa Fields
Polyculture and Multi-​Cropping
Agricultural Terracing
Wetland Agriculture
Rejolladas
Bajo Margins
Additional Intensification Practices
Ceren
Summary
5. Water
Introduction
The Natural Hydrologic Setting
The Importance of Water
Physical Water Necessities
Ideological Significance
The Preclassic to Early Classic Period Transition
Classic Period Reservoirs
Tikal’s Centralized Water System
Caracol: Reservoirs and Terraces Everywhere
Copan: Neighborhood Reservoirs
The Canals of Edzna
Smaller Scale Water-​Management Features
Palenque: “Big Water”
The North
High and Dry in the Hill Country
Summary
6. Stone
Introduction
Limestone and Lime
Upon a Limestone Foundation
Lime in Classic Maya Culture
Architectural Lime
Dietary and Other Uses of Lime
Pre-​Colonial Lime Production
The Earliest Lime
The “Traditional” Method
Preclassic Deforestation
Classic Period Lime Production
Environmental Knowledge and Sustainability
The Importance of Salt
Salt Production and Environmental Issues
The Belizean Coast
Salinas de los Nueve Cerros
Summary
7. Collapse and Resilience
Introduction
Issues with Collapse
Chronology
Geography
Scale
Causality
Climatic Instability: Water Issues
Socio-​Politics and Warfare
Environmental Issues
Resilience Amidst Collapse
8. Looking Forward
Introduction
Classic Maya Human-​Environment Relationships
Forest Exploitation
Agricultural Production
Water Management
The Classic to Postclassic Transition
Continued Adaptation
Final Thoughts
Notes
References
Index