دانلود کتاب The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 940-1216

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Contents
GLASTONBURY FROM THE AIR
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Part One Historical
I. Introductory
I. The Rule of Saint Benedict
The life of the Rule: the Opus Dei, lectio divina and opus manuum
its suitability to the needs of the age
its limitations
its spirit
II. The monastic order between the death of Saint Benedict and the times of Saint Dunstan
Cassiodorus, the basilican monasteries and the influence of Gregory the Great
Monasticism in England: Augustine and Benet Biscop
Benedict of Aniane
Cluny, Gorze and Brogne
II. 940-1066
III. The monastic revival under Dunstan and King Edgar: the Regularis Concordia
Disappearance of the monastic life in England, 800-940
The revival under Dunstan, Ethelwold and Oswald
the Concordia and its content
the period of expansion, 960-990
the three leaders
IV. English monasticism between Dunstan and the Conquest
The maturity of the revived monasticism: Aelfric and Byrhtferth
the monastic bishops
new foundations
the missionaries to Scandinavia
The monasteries under Cnut
Edward the Confessor
Evesham and Worcester
The state of the monasteries immediately before the Conquest
III. 1066-1100
V. The Norman monasticism
The origins of the Norman abbeys: William of Dijon and Fecamp
The foundation of Bee
Lanfranc
Norman and English monasticism compared
The intellectual influence of the Norman abbeys
Anselm
St Evroul
VI. The Norman plantation
The number and wealth of the English monasteries in 1066
their opposition to the Conqueror
The character and policy of Lanfranc
The appointment of Norman abbots
the good abbots
disturbances at Glastonbury
St Augustine\'s
Charges against the Normans
The new buildings
observance
Lanfranc\'s Consuetudines
the new culture
the increase in numbers
VII. The development of the religious life between 1066 and 1100
The new foundations
The cathedral monasteries
Dependent priories and cells
The English nunneries
The regular canons before 1100
Death and character of Lanfranc
VIII. The Cluniacs in England
Cluniac organization under Odilo and Hugh
Cluniac observance
The foundation of Lewes
other foundations
Cluniac organization in England
IX. Worcester, Evesham and the northern revival
Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester
Aethelwig, abbot of Evesham
The foundation of Odensee
The northern revival at Jarrow, Whitby and Durham
further development of Durham
IV. 1100-1135
X. The English monasteries under Henry I
The monastic life under Henry I
Increase of the regular canons
Survey of the monasteries of England c. 1120
General conclusions
V. 1135-1175
XI The new orders
The new monastic movement in Italy c. 1000
Romuald and John Gualbert
Peter Damian
Molesme
Tiron and Savigny
Grandmont, Fontevrault and Premontre
Gilbert of Sempringham
XII. The new model of Citeaux
The constitutional documents
the aims of the first fathers
federal organization
the converse
economic framework
Influence of Bernard
the Cistercian vocation
Collisions between the Cistercians and the black monks
XIII. The Cistercians in England: I. The first foundations
The foundations of Tiron and Savigny
the new Augustmian houses of the north
The exodus from St Mary\'s, York, to Fountains
subsequent history of Fountains, 1132—43
The early history of Rievaulx and the arrival of Ailred, 1132-45
XIV. The Cistercians in England: II. The period of expansion
The families of Rievaulx, Fountains and Waverley
Furness, Byland and Jervaulx
The Cistercians in public life, 1138-53: Richard of Fountains and Henry Murdac
Ailred, abbot of Rievaulx, 1147-67: his character, activities and last days
XV. The black monks between 1135 and 1175
Characteristics of the period
sufferings of the monasteries during the reign of Stephen
quarrels and lawsuits
struggles for exemption and autonomy
internal developments
A great abbot, Walter de Lucy of Battle
XVI. Cluniac influence: Henry of Blois and Gilbert Foliot
The influence of Cluny
Foundation of Reading
the case of Peterborough
other Cluniac abbots
The career and character of Henry of Blois
Gilbert Foliot
The increase in the religious houses under Stephen
VI. 1175-1216
XVII. The black monks from 1175 to 1216
Characteristics of the period
separation of abbot from community
lawsuits
debts
Two great abbots: Odo of Battle, 1175-1200
Samson of Bury, 1182-1211
St Albans and its abbots
XVIII. The hostility of the bishops towards the black monks
Disorganization in England, 1181—1215
hostility of the clerks towards the monks
Career and character of Baldwin
his quarrel with the monks of Christ Church
Hugh of Nonant and the monks of Coventry
The controversy between Hubert Walter and Christ Church
between Savary and Glastonbury
XIX. The case of Evesham
Appointment of Roger Norreys at Evesham
Early disturbances
the abbey claims exemption in 1202
litigation at Rome, 1204-6
visit of the legate, Nicholas of Tusculum, in 1214
XX. The Cistercians from 1153 to 1216
The foundations in Wales
Developments in the order: conversi
enclosures
sheep-farming
debts, churches and tithes
A saintly abbot: Ralph of Fountains, 1190-1203
Increase of the black canons
of the white
XXI. The reign of John and the Fourth Lateran Council, 1199—1216
The Canterbury election of 1205-6
sufferings of the Cistercians under John
Preparations for the Lateran Council
its decrees on union and visitation
XXII. The Charterhouse of Witham and Hugh of Avalon
The origin of the Carthusians
their way of life
Foundation of Witham
Hugh of Avalon, prior of Witham
novices and visitors at Witham: Adam of Dryburgh
Peter of Blois
St Hugh as bishop of Lincoln
Part Two Institutional
I. The Interior Polity of the Black Monks
XXIII. The office of Abbot
Election or appointment of the abbot, 970-1216
abnormal cases
the machinery of elections
deposition of an abbot
The separation of abbot from community c. 1100-35
Abbots in public life
in the Council
as judges delegate
XXIV. The internal government and personnel of the monastery
The growth of the powers of the monastic chapter
recruitment: oblati and conversi
the end of child oblation
the noviciate
Social status of the recruits
Numbers in the black monk houses
XXV. The administration of the monastery
The officials of the monastery
their multiplication and duties
the control of revenues: methods of exploitation
the \"obedientiary system”
devolution of powers and division of revenues
the farming of manors
The servants of the monastery
Economic organization: the farm-system in kind
its commutation to money-rents
The monastic borough
II. The Work and Influence of the Monks
XXVI The daily life of the monastery
The horarium
The observance of silence
introduction of recreative conversation
The meals: their number
quality; the eating of flesh-meat
at the abbot\'s table
by the minuti
Articles of food
beverages
Baths
fires
Manual work: in the Rule
Northumbrian monasticism and in the Concordia; its disappearance
The sacraments: Mass, the Holy Eucharist
Penance
Private prayer
XXVII. Unions and confraternity: hospitality and charity
Agreements of union: for suffrages
for chapter rights
Personal confraternity: during life
ad succurrendum
Hospitality: guests
pilgrims
Care of the poor
relief work
hospitals
XXVIII. The intellectual activities of the black monks: I. Educational and literary
Monastic schools: from 943 to 1066
in Normandy
in England after the Conquest
The literary work; from 970 to the Conquest: Aelfric, Wulfstan and Byrhtferth
from the Conquest onwards: the Anglo-Norman culture
Symeon of Durham
William of Malmesbury
the Chronicle
verse composition
from 1150 to 1170: St Albans and Bury contrasted
from 1170 to 1216: the annals
chronicles
Jocelin of Brakelond
XXIX. The intellectual activities of the black monks: II. Theology, canon law, medicine, monastic libraries
Theological writings
the Immaculate Conception
Scripture study: the text of the Vulgate
Canon law
The study and practice of medicine
The work of the scriptorium
calligraphy
The monastic libraries and their contents
the care of books
XXX. The illumination of manuscripts and monastic craft work
The illumination of manuscripts: before the Conquest
from 1140 to 1180
Monastic arts and crafts: before the Conquest
and after
XXXI. The liturgy and the chant
The structure of the liturgy
the grading of feasts
new feasts
and various customs and rites
The Gregorian chant: in England, 596-750
in Europe, 750-850
The revival under Alfred
Ethelwold
after the Conquest
Development of the Kyriale
tropes
polyphony
The organ
III. The External Relations of the Monastery
XXXII, The place of the monastery in the fabric of the Church and of society
Original isolation of the monasteries
Control of all churches by the city-bishop: the Roman conception
The northern invasions and the Eigenkirche
conditions in the eleventh century
The relations of the monastery to the diocesan and to Rome, 451-628
commendation and subjection
papal Eigenkldster
The ownership of churches by monasteries
monastic immunities
XXXIII. The origins and development of exemption in England
Origins of canonical exemption
secular immunities in England before Edward the Confessor
The policy of the Confessor
of the Conqueror and Lanfranc
Evolution of canonical exemption in the Curia
the sum of privileges comprised
The growth of exemption in England: from 1100 to 1154
from 1154 to 1189
from 1189 to 1216
XXXIV. The monastic churches
Eigenkirchen in England before the Conquest
monastic Eigenkirchen before the Conquest
and after
development of the pension and vicarage systems
Monastic peculiars
XXXV. The monasteries and the feudal system
The English and Norman monasteries and feudalism before 1066
the introduction of knight-service into England
its uneven incidence
Wardship of vacant abbacies
the abbot\'s household
manorial and honorial courts
XXXVI. The cathedral monasteries and the bishops\' abbeys
Origin of the English cathedral monasteries
developments after the Conquest
Constitution of Christ Church, Canterbury, Durham, Norwich and other houses
Division of the revenues
appointment of officials
rights of chapters
share in diocesan administration
quarrels of the twelfth century
Two bishops\' Eigenkldster: Eynsham and Selby
IV. The White Monks
XXXVII. The institutions of the white monks
Organization of the white monks and the black contrasted
The white monks: recruitment and the novitiate
the abbot and his officials
visitations
general chapter
The horarium
and the dietary
silence, prayer and the sacraments
literary activity
art and architecture
the \"reform\" of the chant
V. Monastic Discipline
XXXVIII. The maintenance of discipline
Original relations between bishop and monastery
legatine visitations
reintroduction of episcopal visitation
the Lateran decrees
general judgment on the discipline of the black monks
The white monks: activities of general chapter
regarding purchase of land and ownership of churches
various cases in England
and troubles in Wales
XXXIX. The critics of the monks
The circle of the clerks
Gerald of Wales, his career and character
early criticisms of the monks
collision with the Cistercians
discussion of his charges
Walter Map: his career and character (674);
his charges against the Cistercians
The satirists: Nigel Wireker
VI. Conclusion
XL. Review of the period 940-1216
Increase in the number and wealth of the monks between 940 and 1216
Phases of their influence
Changes in the conception of the monastic vocation
elements of danger: wealth
small dependencies
entanglement with feudalism
customs mitigating the Rule
Partial decline in fervour of the Cistercians
The spiritual life of the English monks
conclusion
Appendices
I. The evidence for the disappearance of monastic life in England before 940 (v. p. 32)
II. The status of Glastonbury previous to Dunstan\'s appointment as abbot c. 940 (v. p. 37)
III. The composition of the community at Christ Church, Canterbury, before the Conquest (v. p. 50)
IV. Monastic bishops, 960-1066 (v. p. 66
V. The Norman monasteries, 940-1066, with dates of foundation (v. pp. 84 seqq.)
VI. The value of the holdings of monasteries and nunneries in Domesday (v. pp. 101, 136)
VII. The provenance of foreign superiors appointed to English monasteries, 1066-1135 (v. p. 112)
VIII. Date and authorship of the Evesham Chronicle (v. pp. 74, 162)
IX. The interventions of St Bernard in English affairs (v. pp. 230 seqq.)
X. A list of black monks and regular canons who became Cistercians between 1132 and 1200 (v. p. 268)
XI. A list of the Cistercian and Savigniac foundations in England and Wales, 1124-1437 (v. p. 252 et al.)
XII. Monastic bishops in England and Wales, 1066-1215 (v. p. 131)
XIII. The increase in the number of religious houses in England and Wales, 1100-1175 (y. pp. 190, 297)
XIV. The dates of the grants of insignia pontificalia to English abbeys (v. p. 586)
XV. Knight-service due from the monasteries according to the cartae of 1166 (v. p. 609)
XVI. The officials of a great monastery (v. p. 429)
XVII. The numbers of monks in the black monk monasteries (v. p. 425)
XVIII. The monastic horarium in winter and summer according to the Regularis Concordia (y. p. 450)
XIX. The alleged dietary of St Ethelwold at Abingdon (v. p. 459)
XX. The measures of monastic beverages (v. p. 465)
XXI. Chronological list of abbatial depositions, 1070-1215 (v. p. 654)
XXII. The use of the term Cluniacensis by Gerald of Wales (v. p. 663)
Tables
I. The derivation of the English monasteries, 943-1066 (v. chaps in and iv)
II. The derivation of the Norman abbeys of the eleventh century (v. chap, v)
III. The derivation of the Cluniac houses in England (v. chap, VIII)
IV. The derivation of the English and Welsh Cistercian abbeys (v. chaps xin, xiv and xx)
(i) The family of Clairvaux
(ii) The family of Aumone
(iii) The family of Savigny
(iv) The family of Fountains
(v) The family of Morimond
(vi) The family of Citeaux
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADDITIONAL NOTES
INDEX