دانلود کتاب The Nature of Mind and Human Automatism

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PART I THE NATURE OF MIND. CHAPTER I. THE MODERN DOCTRINE OF THE RELATION OF THE MIND TO THE BODY. Introductory — Spiritualism and Materialism — Purpose of this Work — The Physical Basis of Mind — The Theory of Functions — The Theory of Aspects — The Inadequacy of both Theories — The Usual Explanation no Explanation — The Real Questions to be answered — The Logical Deductions from these Theories inconsistent with the known Facts — The Inadequacy of the Usual Explanation generally recognized; by Spencer; by Tyndall — Fiske — Logical Conditions of the Problem — Bain — One Cause of Hostility to Materialism — The Notion of Double Properties entertained by Tyndall; by Bain — Mind does act upon Body — Views of Lewes. 3-27 CHAPTER II. THE TRUE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED. Statement of the Theorem to be proved — Meaning of Subjective and Objective — What is meant by Matter and Motion — Four Different Conceptions of Matter — Carelessness in the Use of the Term Matter — What is meant by Cerebral Activities — Their True Nature — Sources of Error in investigating the Problem — Parallelism between Physical and Mental Processes — Fiske on this Parallelism Fallacy of the Theory of Parallelism — Spencer. 28-43 CHAPTER III. THE SOLUTION. The Argument — The Brain as the Organ of the Mind — Grounds for believing Consciousness to be Dependent upon Molecular Motions in the Brain — Nature of the Dependence — Four Possible Explanations — The Second only probable — Consciousness the Reality of Physical Processes — Apparent Paradox — The Real Question not how Physical Processes are transformed into Consciousness — Lewes — Explanation of the Paradox — Nature of the Association between Consciousness and the “accompanying Physical Changes”. 44-60 CHAPTER IV. THE NATURE OF THE MIND. The Ultimate Nature of Mind — Consciousness an Ultimate — Difficulty of understanding the Transition between Mind and Body avoided — Carpenter — Ferrier — There are not Two Processes, but One — Feeling is not accompanied by Molecular Changes — It is not inconceivable that Mind should have been produced from Matter; Reply to Fiske — Spencer and the Substance of Mind — The Insufficiency of the Notion of Mind being a Symbol of something else; also of the Theory of Aspects — Matter and Mind as Different Modes of apprehending something else — Deductions from the foregoing Principle. 61-82 CHAPTER V. THE CORRELATION OF FORCES. The Applicability of the Law to Mental Action — Meaning of the Law — Objections to its Application as offered by Fiske — Objections answered — Materialism not inconsistent with this Law. 83-90 PART II HUMAN AUTOMATISM. CHAPTER I. THE REFLEX CHARACTER OF IDEAS. Logical Consequences of the Preceding Doctrine — Law of Inertia — Consciousness is Passive, not Active — All Muscular and Mental Action Reflex — Apparent Objection to this Conclusion — Use of the Term Reflex to describe Psychical Facts. 93-98 CHAPTER II CONSCIOUSNESS AS AN AGENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF BODILY ACTION. Automatism the Logical Consequence of the Reflex Theory — Automatism modified by the Discovery of the Nature of Mind — Objections to Automatism avoided — Consciousness an Agent in Determining Action — Lewes and Automatism — Huxley — Objections to Consciousness being a Collateral Product — Experiments on Animals — Interpretation of these Experiments — Case of the French Sergeant. 99-130 CHAPTER III. SELF-DETERMINATION. Meaning of Self-Determination — Agency by which it is accomplished — Nature of the Ego — Self-Determination compatible with the Reflex Theory and Automatism — All Action determined by the Strongest Motive — Revery and Deliberation — Coleridge — Mozart — General Conclusions. 131-148 CHAPTER IV. WHAT IS MATERIALISM? Vagueness in the Term — Materialism Misunderstood — False Meanings attributed to the Term — Only Two Positions upon which we can stand — Showing that Mind is the Reality of Matter does not transfer it to Spiritualism — Any Doctrine which in Substance accepts this is Materialism — Evolution shows that External Forces are allied in Nature to Consciousness — Materialism does not impair the Dignity or Attributes of anything in the Universe — The Discovery of the Causation and Origin of Phenomena does not alter the Phenomena themselves — Materialism in one Respect more elevating than any other Doctrine The Morality of Materialism — Evolution of Moral Principles — Highly-developed Brain necessary for High Standard of Morals among Races — High Standard impossible among the Lower Races — Illustrations of this — Absence of the Moral Codes of Civilized Nations not Evidence of the Absence of all such Codes in Lower Races — Theological Codes best suited to Man in his Present State. 149-173