دانلود کتاب The Neuroscience of Adolescence

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05_0_pp_v_vi_Dedication
06_0_pp_vii_xi_Contents
07_0_pp_xii_xvi_Figures
08_0_pp_xvii_xviii_Preface
1 What_Is_Adolescence
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Periods of Development
1.2.1 Childhood
1.2.2 Adolescence
1.2.3 Adulthood
1.3 Adolescence: A Historical Perspective
1.4 Adolescence across the Globe and across Species
1.5 Theoretical Models of Adolescent Brain Development
1.5.1 Dual Systems Model (Figure 1.1a)
1.5.2 Triadic Model (Figure 1.1b)
1.5.3 Imbalance Model (Figure 1.1c)
1.5.4 Social Information Processing Model
1.5.5 Fuzzy Trace Theory
1.6 What is the Function of Adolescence?
1.6.1 How Does the Brain Facilitate Independence?
1.7 Human Brain Development: An Overview
1.7.1 Interactive Specialization Framework
1.8 The Importance of Understanding Adolescent Brain Development
1.9 The Importance of Animal Models
1.10 Chapter Summary
1.11 Review Questions
Further Reading
2 Puberty
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pubertal Hormones
2.3 Neuroendocrine System
2.3.1 Adrenarche and Gonadarche
2.4 What Triggers Puberty?
2.5 Timing Is Everything
2.5.1 Genetic Factors
2.5.2 Psychosocial Factors
2.5.3 Ethnic Differences
2.5.4 Early and Late Maturation
Early Maturation
Late Maturation
2.6 Pubertal Implications on Behavior
2.6.1 Pubertal Timing Effects on Psychopathology
2.7 “You’ve Gotten so Tall!”
2.8 Bone Age
2.9 Puberty and Brain Structure
2.9.1 Gray Matter
2.9.2 White Matter
2.10 Puberty and Brain Function
2.11 Chapter Summary
2.12 Review Questions
Further Reading
3 Cognitive_Neuroscience_Methods_to_Study_the_Adolescent_Brain
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Brain Scans
3.2.1 Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI)
sMRI: Strengths and Limitations
3.2.2 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
DTI: Strengths and Limitations
3.2.3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
BOLD
fMRI: Strengths and Limitations
3.2.4 Functional Connectivity
Resting State fMRI in Developing Populations
Strengths and Weaknesses
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) Methods
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) Methods: Developmental Applications
3.3 Electrophysiology
3.3.1 Electroencephalography (EEG)
3.3.2 Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
3.3.3 Strengths and Limitations
3.4 Eye-Tracking
3.4.1 Strengths and Limitations
3.5 Recruiting Adolescent Research Volunteers
3.6 Computerized Tasks
3.7 Analytical Considerations
3.7.1 Performance Differences
3.7.2 The “Task B” Problem
3.7.3 Physiological Differences
3.7.4 Interpreting Group Differences
3.8 Chapter Summary
3.9 Review Questions
Further Reading
4 Brain_Plasticity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neuroplasticity, Defined
4.3 Neural Mechanisms of Plasticity
4.3.1 Neuroplasticity Mechanisms
Neurogenesis
Synaptogenesis
Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Depression
Hebbian Learning Theory
4.4 Critical Periods
4.4.1 Experience-Expectant Mechanisms
4.4.2 Experience-Dependent Processes
Environmental Complexity Paradigm
4.5 Neuroimaging Evidence of Plasticity in Humans
4.5.1 Research in Adults
4.5.2 Research in Children
4.5.3 The Plasticity of Developmental Timing
4.6 Why Is Plasticity Adaptive?
4.6.1 Opportunities for Intervention and Remediation
Intervention Studies
Dyslexia Intervention
4.6.2 Cross-Modal Plasticity
4.6.3 Psychotherapy
4.6.4 Exercise
4.7 Adverse Environments and Plasticity
4.7.1 Socioeconomic Status and Plasticity
Language Development
Executive Functions
Social Causation Hypothesis
4.8 Chapter Summary
4.9 Review Questions
Further Reading
5 Neurocognitive_Development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cognition, Defined
5.3 Prefrontal Cortex – an Evolutionary History
5.3.1 Why Do We Need a Prefrontal Cortex?
5.4 The A-not-B Task
5.4.1 The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in A-not-B
5.5 Structural Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
5.5.1 Gray Matter
5.5.2 White Matter
5.5.3 Sex Differences
5.5.4 Structural Developmental in Clinical Populations
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Delayed Shifts
Disrupted Velocity
Deviant Trajectories
5.5.5 Effects of Psychopharmacological Treatment on Neurodevelopment
5.6 Functional Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
5.6.1 Cognitive Control
Motivated Cognitive Control
Emotional Interference
Individual Differences in Cognitive Control
5.7 Functional Connectivity
5.8 Working Memory
5.9 Implications
5.10 Chapter Summary
5.11 Review Questions
Further Reading
6 Motivational_Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What Is a Reward?
6.3 The Reward System
6.3.1 The Development of the Dopamine System
6.3.2 Reward Neurocircuitry
6.3.3 MRI Studies of the Adolescent Reward System
6.3.4 fMRI Studies of the Adolescent Reward System
6.3.5 Neurophysiological Maturation of the Reward System
6.3.6 Reward Influences on Cognitive Control
6.3.7 Neural Response to Immediate versus Delayed Rewards
6.3.8 Functional Connectivity Studies of Reward Processing
6.4 Neural Correlates of Risk-Taking in Adolescents
6.4.1 Individual Differences in Reward and Risk-Sensitivity
6.5 A Model to Explain Risky Decision-Making in Adolescents
6.5.1 Peer Influence on Risk-Taking
6.6 The Adaptive Aspects of Adolescent Risk-Taking
6.7 The Role of Motivational Systems in Learning
6.8 Chapter Summary
6.9 Review Questions
Further Reading
7 The_Social_Brain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Social Cognitive Skills
7.2.1 Face Processing
Neural Correlates of Face Processing
Fusiform Gyrus Development
Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus
Face Processing in Other Species
7.2.2 Affect Processing
Amygdala
fMRI Studies of the Amygdala
Amygdala–mPFC Functional Connectivity
How Emotions Impact Cognition
7.3 Complex Social Cognitive Skills
7.3.1 Theory of Mind/Mentalizing
Mentalizing Theories
Neural Correlates of Mentalizing
7.3.2 Social Evaluation
7.3.3 Prosocial Behavior
7.4 Adolescent Self-Development
7.5 Atypical Social Development
7.5.1 Social Anxiety Disorder
7.5.2 Autism
Mentalizing
Face Processing
Eye Gaze
Face Recognition
Emotion Recognition
7.6 Chapter Summary
7.7 Review Questions
Further Reading
8 The_Implications_of_Adolescent_Neuroscience_on_Policy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Maturity
8.2.1 The Elements of Maturity
8.3 Juvenile Justice
8.3.1 Who Is a Juvenile?
8.3.2 Juvenile Justice Law: A Historical Overview
8.3.3 Current Juvenile Justice Law
8.3.4 Competence
8.3.5 The Role of Adolescent Brain Research in Juvenile Justice
8.3.6 A Cautionary Note about Adolescent Brain Research in Juvenile Justice Policy
8.4 Driving
8.4.1 Effects of Teenage Passengers
8.4.2 Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs
8.4.3 Effects of Drowsy Driving
8.4.4 A Decline in Teenage Driving
8.5 Adolescent Sleep
8.5.1 Why Adolescents Receive Insufficient Sleep
8.5.2 The Consequences of Poor Sleep
8.5.3 The Role of School Start Time
8.5.4 School Start Time: The Recommendations
8.5.5 School Start Time: The Reality
8.5.6 School Start Time: Reasons for the Resistance
8.6 Media and the Adolescent Brain
8.7 Sex Education
8.8 Health Decisions
8.8.1 The Mature Minor Doctrine
History of the Mature Minor Doctrine
8.8.2 Abortion
8.9 Future Directions
8.10 Chapter Summary
8.11 Review Questions
Further Reading
Glossary_of_Key_Terms
Complete_List_of_References
Index