دانلود کتاب The Omega Theory : A New Physics of Earthquakes.

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Cover
About the Series
Title Page
Copyright
Summary of the Omega-Theory
1.
Introduction
Outline
Synchronizations of Seismic Chaos and Predictability of Earthquakes
Chaotic Synchronizations in Seismology
Seismic Oscillators
New Paradigm in Seismology and Structural Geology: The Omega-Theory
References
Further Reading
Part I: Cosserat Continuum Theory of Faulting
2.
Cosserat Continuum
Notation
Tensor Algebra
Tensor Analysis
Kinematics of the Cosserat Continuum
Deviatoric and Spherical Cosserat Strain and Torsion-Curvature
The Slip Direction Along the Faults
The Method of Virtual Power
Hyperelasticity
Deviatoric and Spherical Stress
Linear Case: Isotropic Elasticity
J2 Plasticity Model
References
Further Reading
3.
The Multiple-Slip Mechanism of Plastic Cosserat Deformation
Outline
Kinematics of Elastoplastic Cosserat Continuum
Interpretation of the Faulting-Related Cosserat Strain
References
4.
Stress Along the Faults
Mohr Representation of Stress
Fault Reactivation in the Cosserat Continuum: Amontons\'s Law
References
5.
Wedge Faulting: The L2 Kinematics
Equation of the Wedge Faulting
The L2 Kinematics
Geometry of the Interacting Wedge Systems
Plain Strain and Tectonic Wedges
The Necessity of the Residual Faults
The State of Stress Along Tectonic Wedges
The effect of the stress asymmetry and the couple-stresses
References
Further Reading
6.
Parallel Fault and Parallel Wedge Interactions: The Gamma-Scheme
Three Possible Types of Parallel Fault Interaction
Parallel Wedge Interaction
Stress Permutations and Parallel Wedge Interactions
Stress Permutations and the Homogeneous Cosserat Strain Approximation
The Gamma-Scheme
Which Nodal Plane is the Fault Plane?
The Ghost Wedges and the Real Wedges
References
7.
Båth\'s Law and the Cosserat Extension of the Reid Rebound Model
Introduction
Simple Models of Faults
Derivation of Båth\'s Law
Temporal Extension of Båth\'s Law
References
Part II: Introduction to the Omega-Theory
8.
Omega-Sequences
Definition of the Omega-Sequences
General Structure of the Omega-Sequences
Constructing the Omega-Sequences
Constant Strain Rate Model: The CSR Sequences
Constant Velocity Model: The DSR and ISR Omega-Sequences
Two Types of the RES
Time Dependence of the Magnitudes
Transitional Part of the Omega-Sequences
Generalized Equations of the Omega-Sequences (GEOS)
Numerical Tests
Fibonacci Omega-Sequences
Discussion and Conclusions
References
9.
Omega-Cells: ``Seismic Oscillators´´
External Structure
Internal Structure: Omega-Configurations
Geometric Omega-Configuration
Fibonacci Omega-Configuration
Central Omega-Configuration
Exact Notation for the Omega-Cells
Description of Numerical Tests
Sorting the Earthquakes and Nodal Planes
Identifying the Omega-Sequences
Analysis of the CSV Model for Båth\'s Law
Reconstructing the Internal Structure of the Omega-Cells: Wedge-Profiling Technique (WPT)
Results
OmegaC257 and OmegaC234567 Sequences: The OmegaC234567-Cell
Omega1P4-Sequence: The Omega1P4-Cell
Proving the CSV Model for Båth\'s Law
Discussion
Omega-Cells as Cellular Automata
Omega-Sequences and the B-Signals
Omega-Cells as Octahedral Bodies
References
10.
Omori\'s Law
Omori\'s Law and the Omega-Sequences
Results of the Numerical Test
Derivation of Omori\'s Law
Can Earthquakes be Predicted?
References
11.
Felzer-Brodskys Law
Derivation of the Felzer-Brodsky Law
Discussion
Why Foreshocks?
What is Cascade Triggering?
The Full Form of Felzer-Brodskys Law
References
12.
Strain Waves and Conservation Laws
Two Bi-Magnitude Signals and the Omega-Cells
The Kobayashi Equation
Strain Waves: Velocities of the Seismic Migration
The CSR Strain Waves
The CSV Strain Waves
Conservation Laws
The First Conservation Law
The Second Conservation Law
The Third Conservation Law: The Omega Planes
The Fourth Conservation Law
The Meaning of the Static Stress Drop
Discussion: Dynamic Versus Kinematic Approaches
Sine-Gordon Equation
Solutions of the Sine-Gordon Equation
Forward and Backward Migrations
References
13.
Phase Transitions
Earth\'s Crust as a Two-Phases Cosserat Material
Velocity Transference
The System of Equations
Global Solution: The CSR Solution
Local Solution
General Solution
Vikulin\'s Scaling Equations: Type 1 Magnitude Shift
Vikulin\'s Conservation Law
Scaling Laws for the Recurrence Time
Global Solution: The CSR Solution
Local Solution
General Solution
Geometric Solution
Type 2 Magnitude Shift
Discussion and Conclusions
References
14.
Gutenberg-Richters Law
Derivation of Gutenberg-Richters Law
Discussion
Gutenberg-Richters Law in the Omega-Theory
Guglielmi\'s Equation
References
15.
What Causes Earthquakes?
Defining the Problem
Magnitude Restrictions
B1=B2 Sequence Events/Earthquakes
The General Mechanism of Earthquakes (GME)
The Seismic Characteristic Length
The CSV Cosserat Velocity Splitting: The Time Delay in Earthquakes
Cosserat-Huygens Principle
Seismic Generalization of Amontons\'s Law
Stress and Couple-Stress Vectors on a Fault/Wedge
Four Cosserat Characteristic Lengths in the Omega-Cells
Why Is the B2-Magnitude Signal Not Seismic?
A Link to the LEFM
References
Part III: Systems, Plate Tectonics, and Order
16.
Omega-Interactions
Clustering of Seismic Events
Binding of Omega-Sequences
Types of Binding
Entanglement of Omega-Sequences
Self-Similarity and the Multifractal Nature of Omega-Sequences
Disturbances
Transitions
Discussion
What Is Gamma-Scheme?
Undecidable
Indiscernible
Generic
Unnameable
The Omega-Cycle
What Is Entangled?
References
Further Reading
17.
Critical Behavior: Large Earthquakes Can Be Predicted
Subcritical, Critical, and Supercritical Behavior
Critical Behavior: The Kraljevo (2010) Case Study
Regional Geological Setting
Local Geologic Setting and Seismic Catalog
The Critical Behavior Before the Kraljevo (2010) Earthquake
Predictability of the Large Earthquakes
Predicting the Time of the Future Event
Predicting the Magnitude of the Future Event
Predicting the Time Window for the Future Event
Predicting the Kraljevo (2010) Earthquake
Discussion
Mogi Doughnuts
Accelerated Moment Release: Benioff Strain Release
Papazachos Equation
Critical Point Models
Physical Background of the Critical State (Binding and Entanglement)
Critical Regions
The Size of the Critical Regions in the Omega-Theory
References
Further Reading
18.
Supercritical Behavior: Aftershock Sequences
The Limon Earthquake (1991): Regional Geologic Setting
Seismic Catalog
The First and the Second-Order Omega-Sequences
Analysis of the First-Order Omega-Sequences
Analysis of the Second-Order Omega-Sequences
Discussion
Magnitude Restrictions
Clustering
Type 2 Magnitude Shifts
Predictability of Large Aftershocks
References
19.
The B-Spectral Theorem and the Synchronized Earth
The B-Spectral Theorem
The B-Spectral Theorem
The Synchronized Earth
The Seismic Catalog
Gamma-Scheme Analysis
Omega-Sequences on the Planetary Scale
How Do We Know That the Planetary Omega-Sequences and Omega-Triplets Are Not Some Coincidental Groupings of Events?
The Full Form of the B-Spectral Theorem
Reference
20.
Quantum Numbers of Earthquakes: Seismic Back Action and Reverse Causality
The B-Spectral Theorem
Ideal Omega-Sequences
Generalization of the B-Spectral Theorem
Extrapolation of the Omega-Sequences: The Echo Earthquakes
The Seismic Echo: What Do Two Large Earthquakes Define?
Do Seismic Echoes Really Exist? The Southern California Case Study
Seismic Back Action and Reverse Causality: The Nepal (2015) Case Study
Omega-Limitation Law: The Final Development of the Omega-Sequences
Why Should the Number of Sequence Events be Limited?
The Third Conservation Law for Fault Lengths
The Omega-Limitation Rule and the Omega-Limitation Law
Binding and the Surface Element SOmega(l)
The Twinning Effect
2B-Spectrum and the Extended B-Spectrum
Discussion
References
21.
Seismic Induction and the Theory of Plate Tectonics
The Problem: Introduction
The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Cosserat Continuum
Basic Postulate of the Plate Tectonics Theory
Why Should Tectonic Plates Interact Each With Other?
Forces of Interaction
Model 1
Model 2
Synchronizations and the Tidal Forces
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Further Reading
22.
Earthquakes as Computation: Origin of Order
Test 1: Slovenia Region
Test 2: Northern Italy Region
Test 3: Brezice Earthquake 2015
Origin of Order
Origin of Synchronizations
Conclusions: Earthquakes as Computation
Part IV: Seismic Chaos Synchronizations
Introduction
References
23.
T-Synchronizations: Predicting Future Seismic States of the Earth
The Synchronization Equation
The Omega-Interactions: Binding, Entanglement, and Synchronization Function
Binding
Entanglement
Predicting the Future Seismic States of the Earth
Step 1: Calculating the Generator Set
Step 2: Resolving the Hypocenter/Epicenter of the Future Earthquakes
Step 3: Predicting the Magnitude of Future Events
The Nepal (2015) Experiment
Test 1: Predicting the Nepal (2015) Main Shock
Test 2: Predicting the First Largest Aftershock of the Nepal (2015) Earthquake
Test 3: Calculating the Future Seismic Catalog
References
24. M-Synchronizations: The B-Megasignal and Large Earthquakes
The Magnitude-Synchronization Function
B-Megasignal: The PAPUA New Guinea Case Study
Results and Interpretation: The B-Megasignal
The Southern California Case Study
Results and Interpretation: The Minimum Magnitude Rule
References
25.
S-Synchronizations: The Reciprocity Theorem and the Failure Localization Law
Phenomenological Observations
The Reciprocity Theorem
The B-Spectral Theorem and the MARS Structure
Seismic Activity of the MARS
The Failure Localization Law
Verifying the Failure Localization Law
Confirmation of the Third Conservation Law
References
26.
Maximum Effectiveness of Predictions: -1 Rule
Outline
Case Study: Northern Italy Region
Demonstration of the -1 Rule
Analysis of the Product State
Conclusions
27.
Open Systems
Mathematical Formalism
Test 1: Central Italy
Test 2: Slovenia-Northern Croatia
Conclusions
References
28.
Further Observations on S-Synchronizations
Visualizing Spatial Interactions Between the Earthquakes
Test 1: Distribution of Nonsynchronized Earthquakes
Test 2: Distribution of Synchronized Earthquakes
Test 3: Region of Slovenia
Test 4: Analysis of the Zuzemberk Region
Conclusions
References
Part V: Strain Waves, Plate Tectonics, and the Loop Theorem
29.
Description of Seismic States
Outline
Superimposed and Product Seismic States
Basic State
ISR and DSR States
Superposition Principle: OR Operation
Normalization
Product States: AND Operation
Product and Entangled States for the Omega-Cell
T-Synchronizations
Stable and Metastable States
T-Synchronizations
Product States and the S-Space Notation
Superpositions
Combined States and Seismic Entanglements
M-Synchronizations
Pure M-synchronization functions
Product, Entangled, and Mixed States
Seismic Computing
Testing the LE-Rule
Test 1: Kraljevo Earthquake 2010
Test 2: Emilia Earthquake 2012
Test 3: Seismic Computing
Test 4: Vertical Interactions Between Global and Local Seismic States
Conclusions
References
30.
Epicenter Prediction: Turbal\'s Principle
Strain Waves for the Individual Omega-Sequences
Test 1: Defining the vCSV for Natural Omega-Sequences
The Mechanism of Epicenters: Turbal\'s Principle
S-Synchronizations
The LE Rule
Interpretation
Test 2: The Bovec Earthquake 2015
Test 3: The Brezice Earthquake 2015
Test 4: The Emilia Earthquake 2012
Global Predictions of Large Earthquakes
Test 5: August 2016
Analysis of the Global Strain Waves
Test 6: Fast-Interacting Omega-Sequences (FIOS)
Cluster 1 (Day 1; 05/08/2016)
Cluster 2 (Day 2; 06/08/2016)
Interpretation
Test 7: All Strain Waves on 05/08/2016 and 06/08/2016
Day 1: 05/08/2016
Day 2: 06/08/2016
Conclusions
References
31.
Structure of the Aftershock Sequences
Introduction
Strain Waves as the Cause of the Round-the-World Seismic Echo
Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake, 26/12/2004
Tohoku Earthquake, 11/03/2011
Relationship Between the Foreshocks and Aftershocks
Kraljevo Earthquake, 03/11/2010
Nepal Earthquake, 25/04/2015
Conclusions
References
32.
Synchronizations and Fault Reactivations
Introduction
Ravne Fault, Slovenia
North Anatolian Fault
Conclusions
References
33.
Predictability of Volcanic Eruptions
1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption
2004 Mount St. Helens Eruption
2011 Mount St. Helens Increased Seismic Activity
Conclusions
References
34.
Strain Waves at the Tectonic Plates Boundaries
The California Region
The Japan Region
Mid-Atlantic Ridge System
Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden
Conclusions
References
35.
Origin of Plate Tectonics: The Loop Theorem
Introduction to the Loop Theorem
The Loop Theorem
Fault Patterns and Earthquake Interaction Patterns
Strain Waves
Lattices
Periodic, Aperiodic, and Quasiperiodic Patterns
Voronoi Cells
Dual Lattices
Pentagrids
Pentagrids
The Loop Theorem
Tilings and Tiles
Penrose Tilings of the Plane
Properties of the Penrose Tiling
Ammann Quasilattices: Quasiperiodicity
Inflation and Deflation: Self-Similarity
Earthquake Interaction Patterns
Penrose Clockwork: Toward the Plate Tectonic Theory
Synchronized Stress Permutations as the Internal Motor of the Plate Tectonics
Numerical Test: The Kraljevo Earthquake 2010
Interpretation
Origin of the Global Strain Waves
Mode 1 Deformation of the Lithosphere
Mode 2 Deformation of the Lithosphere
Global Strain Waves and Rotation of the Earth
Discussion and Conclusions: Origin of the Plate Tectonics
References
Index
A
B
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D
E
F
G
H
I
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K
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M
N
O
P
Q
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T
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W
Z
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