دانلود کتاب The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student's Guide to Techniques

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Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
CHAPTER 1: SAFETY FIRST, LAST, AND ALWAYS......Page 17
Disposing of Waste......Page 21
Mixed Waste......Page 23
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)......Page 24
Green Chemistry and Planning an Organic Synthesis......Page 25
Exercises......Page 26
CHAPTER 2: KEEPING A NOTEBOOK......Page 27
A Technique Experiment......Page 28
Notebook Notes......Page 29
Calculation of Percent Yield (Not Yeild!)......Page 39
Notebook Mortal Sin......Page 41
Exercises......Page 42
CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETING A HANDBOOK......Page 43
Entry: 1-Bromobutane......Page 44
Entry: Benzoic Acid......Page 45
Merck Index......Page 47
Entry: 1-Bromobutane......Page 49
There’s a CD......Page 50
Entry: 1-Bromobutane......Page 51
Not Clear–Clear?......Page 52
Exercises......Page 53
CHAPTER 4: JOINTWARE......Page 54
Stoppers with Only One Number......Page 55
Another Episode of Love of Laboratory......Page 56
Round-Bottom Flasks......Page 58
The Adapter with Lots of Names......Page 59
Inserting Adapter Upside Down......Page 61
Greasing the Joints......Page 62
Into the Grease Pit......Page 63
Corking a Vessel......Page 64
CHAPTER 5: MICROSCALE JOINTWARE......Page 66
Skinny Apparatus......Page 67
Sizing Up the Situation......Page 68
The Comical Vial (That’s Conical!)......Page 70
Tare to the Analytical Balance......Page 71
Heating These Vials......Page 72
The Microscale Drying Tube......Page 73
Gas Collection Apparatus......Page 74
Generating the Gas......Page 75
Isolating the Product......Page 77
CHAPTER 6: OTHER INTERESTING EQUIPMENT......Page 78
The Flexible Double-Ended Stainless Steel Spatula......Page 79
CHAPTER 7: PIPET TIPS......Page 82
Pre-Preparing Pasteur Pipets......Page 83
Amelioration......Page 84
Pipet Filtering—Liquids......Page 86
Pipet Filtering—Solids......Page 87
CHAPTER 8: SYRINGES, NEEDLES, AND SEPTA......Page 89
The Rubber Septum......Page 91
CHAPTER 9: CLEAN AND DRY......Page 93
Drying Your Glassware When You Don’t Need To......Page 94
Drying Your Glassware When You Do Need To......Page 95
CHAPTER 10: DRYING AGENTS......Page 96
Typical Drying Agents......Page 97
Following Directions and Losing Product Anyway......Page 98
Exercises......Page 99
CHAPTER 11: ON PRODUCTS......Page 100
The Sample Vial......Page 101
Hold It! Don’t Touch That Vial......Page 102
CHAPTER 12: THE MELTING-POINT EXPERIMENT......Page 103
Sample Preparation......Page 104
Loading the Melting-Point Tube......Page 105
Melting-Point Hints......Page 106
The Mel-Temp Apparatus......Page 107
Operation of the Mel-Temp Apparatus......Page 108
The Fisher-Johns Apparatus......Page 109
Operation of the Fisher-Johns Apparatus......Page 110
The Thomas-Hoover Apparatus......Page 111
Operation of the Thomas-Hoover Apparatus......Page 113
Using the Thiele Tube......Page 115
Cleaning the Tube......Page 116
Getting the Sample Ready......Page 117
Dunking the Melting-Point Tube......Page 118
Exercises......Page 119
CHAPTER 13: RECRYSTALLIZATION......Page 120
Finding a Good Solvent......Page 121
General Guidelines for a Recrystallization......Page 122
Gravity Filtration......Page 123
The Buchner Funnel and Filter Flask......Page 126
The Hirsch Funnel and Friends......Page 129
The Water Aspirator: A Vacuum Source......Page 130
Working with a Mixed-Solvent System—The Good Part......Page 131
A Mixed-Solvent System—The Bad Part......Page 132
Salting Out......Page 133
World-Famous Fan-Folded Fluted Paper......Page 134
Exercises......Page 135
CHAPTER 14: RECRYSTALLIZATION: MICROSCALE......Page 136
Isolating the Crystals......Page 137
Craig Tube Filtration......Page 138
Centrifuging the Craig Tube......Page 140
Getting the Crystals Out......Page 141
CHAPTER 15: EXTRACTION AND WASHING......Page 143
Never-Ever Land......Page 144
Starting an Extraction......Page 145
Dutch Uncle Advice......Page 146
The Glass Stopcock......Page 147
The Teflon Stopcock......Page 148
How to Extract and Wash What......Page 150
The Road to Recovery—Back-Extraction......Page 151
A Sample Extraction......Page 152
Performing an Extraction or Washing......Page 153
Extraction Hints......Page 155
Exercises......Page 156
CHAPTER 16: EXTRACTION AND WASHING: MICROSCALE......Page 157
Separation: Removing the Bottom Layer......Page 158
Separation: Removing the Top Layer......Page 159
Separation: Removing Both Layers......Page 160
CHAPTER 17: SOURCES OF HEAT......Page 161
The Steam Bath......Page 162
The Bunsen Burner......Page 163
Burner Hints......Page 165
The Heating Mantle......Page 166
Proportional Heaters and Stepless Controllers......Page 168
Exercise......Page 169
CHAPTER 18: CLAMPS AND CLAMPING......Page 170
Clamping a Distillation Setup......Page 173
Clipping a Distillation Setup......Page 177
CHAPTER 19 DISTILLATION......Page 180
Distillation Notes......Page 181
Sources of Heat......Page 182
The Distilling Flask......Page 183
The Vacuum Adapter......Page 184
The Distillation Example......Page 185
Class 2: Vacuum Distillation......Page 186
Pressure Measurement......Page 187
Pressure and Temperature Corrections......Page 189
Vacuum Distillation Notes......Page 193
How This Works......Page 194
Fractional Distillation Notes......Page 196
Class 4: Steam Distillation......Page 199
External Steam Distillation......Page 200
Steam Distillation Notes......Page 201
Simulated Bulb-to-Bulb Distillation: Fakelrohr......Page 203
Exercises......Page 205
CHAPTER 20: MICROSCALE DISTILLATION......Page 206
Class 4: Steam Distillation......Page 207
The Hickman Still Setup......Page 208
Recovering Your Product......Page 209
A Port in a Storm......Page 210
CHAPTER 21: THE ROTARY EVAPORATOR......Page 211
Exercises......Page 215
CHAPTER 22: REFLUX AND ADDITION......Page 216
Standard Reflux......Page 217
A Dry Reflux......Page 218
Funnel Fun......Page 220
How to Set Up......Page 221
Exercise......Page 223
CHAPTER 23: REFLUX: MICROSCALE......Page 224
Addition and Reflux: Microscale......Page 225
CHAPTER 24: SUBLIMATION......Page 227
CHAPTER 25: MICROSCALE BOILING POINT......Page 230
Microscale Boiling Point......Page 231
Ultramicroscale Boiling Point......Page 232
CHAPTER 26: CHROMATOGRAPHY: SOME GENERALITIES......Page 234
The Eluatropic Series......Page 235
CHAPTER 27: THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY: TLC......Page 238
The Plate Spotter......Page 239
Spotting the Plates......Page 240
Developing a Plate......Page 241
Visualization......Page 243
Interpretation......Page 244
Cospotting......Page 246
Other TLC Problems......Page 247
Preparative TLC......Page 248
Exercises......Page 249
CHAPTER 28: WET-COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 250
Preparing the Column......Page 251
Compounds on the Column......Page 253
Visualization and Collection......Page 254
Wet-Column Chromatography: Microscale......Page 255
Exercises......Page 257
CHAPTER 29: REFRACTOMETRY......Page 258
The Abbé Refractometer......Page 259
Using the Abbé Refractometer......Page 261
Refractometry Hints......Page 263
CHAPTER 30: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 264
The Mobile Phase: Gas......Page 265
GC Sample Introduction......Page 266
Sample at the Detector......Page 268
Electronic Interlude......Page 270
Sample on the Computer......Page 271
Temperature......Page 272
Exercises......Page 273
CHAPTER 31: HP LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 274
A Bubble Trap......Page 275
The Pump and Pulse Dampener Module......Page 277
HPLC Sample Preparation......Page 278
HPLC Sample Introduction......Page 279
Sample in the Column......Page 280
Sample at the Detector......Page 281
Temperature......Page 282
Exercises......Page 283
CHAPTER 32: INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (AND A BIT OF UV-VIS, TOO)......Page 284
Molecules as Balls on Springs......Page 285
Ah, Quantum Mechanics......Page 286
But Wait! There’s More......Page 287
Troughs and Reciprocal Centimeters......Page 288
A Systematic Interpretation......Page 294
Liquid Samples......Page 297
Solid Samples......Page 298
Running the Spectrum......Page 303
The Perkin-Elmer 710B IR......Page 305
Using the Perkin-Elmer 710B......Page 306
The 100% Control: An Important Aside......Page 307
Calibration of the Spectrum......Page 309
IR Spectra: The Finishing Touches......Page 310
Interpreting IR Spectra—Finishing Touches......Page 311
The Optical System......Page 312
Electrons Get to Jump......Page 316
Source......Page 317
Sample (and Reference) Cells......Page 318
Exercises......Page 319
CHAPTER 33: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 320
The Magnetic Catch......Page 321
A More Sensitive Census......Page 322
T for One and Two......Page 323
Incredibly Basic FT-NMR......Page 324
NMR Sample Preparation......Page 325
The Chemical Shift and TMS Zero......Page 328
Integration and Labeling......Page 330
Threaded Interpretations: Spectrum #2 (Toluene) and Spectrum #3 (p-Dichlorobenzene)......Page 331
Threaded Interpretations: Spectrum #4 (Ethylbenzene) and Spectrum #5 (A Double Resonance Experiment)......Page 335
Use a Correlation Chart......Page 336
Exercises......Page 339
CHAPTER 34: THEORY OF DISTILLATION......Page 340
Class 1: Simple Distillation......Page 341
Clausius and Clapeyron......Page 343
A Hint from Dalton......Page 344
A Little Algebra......Page 345
Clausius and Clapeyron Meet Dalton and Raoult......Page 346
Dalton Again......Page 347
What Does It All Mean?......Page 348
Reality Intrudes I: Changing Composition......Page 351
Reality Intrudes III: Azeotropes......Page 352
Other Deviations......Page 354
Class 4: Steam Distillation......Page 355
CHAPTER 35: THEORY OF EXTRACTION......Page 358
INDEX......Page 361