دانلود کتاب The Origins of Modern Science: From Antiquity to the Scientific Revolution

فهرست مطالب :

Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Figures
Note from the Publisher
Acknowledgements
1 Cathedrals
The Cathedral
Philosophy: The Cathedral that is Science
History: The Cathedral as a Turning Point
Historiography: Culture and Knowledge
Ways of Knowing
Know-How: The Arch
Knowing-That: The World of the Cathedral Builders
Tensions and Compromises
Belief and Authority: The Church
Augustine and the Problem of Evil
Augustine’s Resources: Plotinus
Conclusion: Reflections on the History of Knowledge
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
2 Greek Thought
Knowing-About as Know-How
Plato and the Culture of Theory
Plato: Truth and Episteme
Estrangement
The Pythagoreans and their Mathematical Reality
The Concept of Proof
Plato in Athens
Parmenides’ Problem and Its Import
Parmenides’ Challenge
The Atomists
Greek Philosophies and Parmenides’ Challenge
Aristotle and the Science of Common Sense
Aristotle’s Life and Times
Aristotle vs. his Predecessors
Aristotle’s Alternative
Aristotle’s World
The Cosmos
Natural Philosophy and the Causes of Change
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
3 The Birth of Astronomy
Looking Up
Making the Phenomena
The Two Spheres Model
How It Works
Making Time
The Astronomer’s Role
Positions and Regularities
Saving the Phenomena
Spheres
Eudoxus’ Nested Spheres
The Empirical Side of Theoria
The Moving Earth Hypothesis
The Legacy of Greek Astronomy: Ptolemy’s Orbs
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
4 Medieval Learning
The Decline of Greek Knowledge
The Burning of the Library
The Schools of Athens
From the Greek Polis to the Roman Empire
The Encyclopedic Tradition
The First Roman Encyclopedists
Pliny’s Natural History
The Medieval Encyclopedists
Christianity and Learnedness
The Changing Cultural Role of Christianity
The Monastery and the Scriptorium
Medieval Know-How
Education and the Church
The University
Sovereignty and Its Bounds
Interlude: The Foundations and Decline of Academic Freedom
Masters, Students and Pedagogy
Curriculum
The Great Translation Project
Muslim Science
The First Translation Project
Originality and Traditionality
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
5 The Seeds of Revolution
Monotheism and Pagan Science
The Fundamental Discrepancy
Ibn Rushd
Moshe ben Maimon
Thomas Aquinas and Thomism
The Renaissance
The New City-State and Its Prince
The Humanists
The Meeting of Scholar and Artisan
The Movable Press and Its Cultural Impact
The Invention
Imitation and Inspiration
Global Knowledge
Navigating the Open Seas
Discoveries
Global Commerce
Knowledge for the New Age
Global Institutions of Knowledge
Trade Companies
The Jesuits
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
6 Magic
Spectator vs. Participant Knowledge
The Magical Tradition(s)
Tense Relations
Magical Cosmogonies
Kabbalah
Hermetica
Magical Epistemology
Antiquity and Secrecy
Circumventing Reason: The Strange Role of Language
Magical Cosmologies
The Symbolic World
The Organic World
Scientific Magic
Alchemy
Astrology
Magic and the New Science
Natural Magic
The Magical Renaissance
Knowledge Is Power
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
7 The Moving Earth
Introduction
Press and Reformation
Counter-Reformation and the Calendar Reform
The Copernican Revolution
Conservatism
Revolutions
Motivations
After Copernicus
Andreas Osiander and the Timid Interpretation
Giordano Bruno and the Radical Interpretation
Tycho Brahe and the New Empirical Astronomy
Kepler and the Physicalization of the Heavens
The Marvelous Order of the Copernican Heavens
Kepler’s Life and Times
The New Physical Optics
The New Physical Astronomy
Galileo and the Telescope
The Telescope
Climbing the Walks of Life
The Copernican Tribute
The Galileo Affair: The Church Divorces Science
The First Procedure: Reason vs. Revolution
Galileo’s Trial
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
8 Medicine and the Body
Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood
Harvey in Padua and London
Harvey’s Heart and Blood
Harvey’s Way into the Body
Harvey’s Curriculum
The Learned Tradition
Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus
Galen and the Systematization of Medicine
Muslim Learned Medicine
Christian Learned Medicine
The Healing Tradition
The Leechbook
Practical Remedies
Learned Resources
Practitioners
Apothecaries
Witches
Surgeons and Barbers
Midwives
The New Medicine and the New Body
Paracelsus and the Alchemical Body
Iatrochemistry
Van Helmont and the Invading Disease
The Rise of Anatomy
Early Questions and Limits
Humanists and Artists
Back to the University: Vesalius and the Padua School
Conclusion: Tradition, Innovation and the New Body
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
9 The New Science
Galileo’s Mechanical World
The Aristotelian Theory of Motion and Its Discontents
Buridan and Impetus Theory
The Mysteries of Free Fall
Galileo’s Resources
Archimedes and the Simple Machines
Tartaglia and the Symmetrical Trajectory
Galileo’s Investigations
The Parabolic Trajectory
Pendulums, Inclined Planes and the Law of Free Fall
Descartes and the Mechanical Philosophy
Descartes’ Life and Times
The Mechanical Ontology
The New Mechanized Sciences
Founding the New Science
The Collapse of the Old Order
Bacon’s Idols
Descartes’ Common Sense
The Academies
Boyle and the Royal Society
The Experimental Legacy
Who Was Allowed in?
The Air Pump
Vacuum in Vacuum
Conclusion: The Independent Life of the Instrument
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
10 Science’s Cathedral
The Two Savants
Robert Hooke
Isaac Newton
The Correspondence: Forging a New Question
The Falling Earth
The Falling Stone
Newton’s Mistake
Setting the Question Right
Conclusion: The New Celestial Mechanics
Coda: The Principia
Discussion Questions
Suggested Readings
Index