دانلود کتاب The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology

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Cover The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology Copyright Dedication Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Introduction: Egyptology in the twenty-first century: an historical curiosity or setting new agendas in multidisciplinary research? Stretching Egyptology beyond European and American perspectives Issues concerning cultural heritage Investigating archaeological landscapes Science in Egyptology Archaeological practice and multi-disciplinarity Debates in ethnicity, human mobility, and cross-cultural contact Society and culture: viewpoints from texts and iconography Problems in the construction of historical narratives Contexts and problem-oriented approaches Bibliography Part I: Egyptology: Perspectives on a Discipline Chapter 1: The nature and history of Egyptology Introduction Ancient sources Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment sources The Napoleonic invasion The early to mid-nineteenth century The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Twentieth-century Egyptology Histories of Egyptology Acknowledgements Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 2: Egyptology and cognate disciplines Introduction: a problematic birth Classification, translation, and identity Egyptology and its objects Writing ancient Egyptian history Literary artefacts and modes of performance Art, cognition, and object biographies Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 3: Egyptology in China History: ancient Chinese works, early Chinese tourists, and the founding of Egyptology in China The first Chinese doctorate in Egyptology Egyptology as a part of general ancient world history Establishing of IHAC Teaching and resourcing Egyptology in China Teaching: the view from IHAC Egyptological research in China: past influences and current trends Current research agendas Popularizing Egyptology in China International collaboration: the way forward Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 4: Reception of ancient Egypt Scope and history of research Sketch of the historical development The beginning of scientific Egyptology and the persistence of pre-Egyptological concepts The different storylines of the history of art and objects The study of reception: topics, diversity, and interchange Afrocentrism Future research approaches Suggested reading Bibliography Part II: The Natural Environment: Studying the Macro and Micro-Level Chapter 5: Landscapes and environmental history of the Nile valley: A critical review and prospectus Introduction: was the primeval Nile valley a marsh? Sub-saharan analogues for a free-draining, convex floodplain A closer approximation for pharaonic irrigation Critique of the Alleaume thesis on irrigation A manageable Delta Questions about the Faiyum Woodland habitats on a free-draining floodplain Sacred and ornamental trees A desert-edge ecotone (i.e. spatial transition between clusters of habitats) Discussion of the biotic landscape Geoarchaeology and environmental history: Giza as a case study Trends and oscillations of the Nile floods The wider picture of fluctuations in the level of the annual Nile flood Minor Nile branches near the Giza pyramids The challenge of poor floods Aeolian sands versus alluvial wash Exceptional desert flooding Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 6: Flora of ancient Egypt Introduction Brief history of archaeobotany Artistic evidence Objects placed in funerary contexts Textual evidence Archaeobotanical evidence from settlement sites Sampling methods Species present in ancient Egypt Cereals Other edible plants Oils and fibre-plants Wild grasses Reeds and sedges Legumes Other wild/weed species Trees and palms Discussion: current and future research Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 7: Ancient Egyptian fauna Introduction Sources Brief history of Egyptian faunal studies Current archaeozoology: a combination of methods Current concerns and future work Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 8: The mineral world: Studying landscapes of procurement Introduction Researching procurement landscapes: a brief history Landscape archaeology and the holistic study of procurement sites Practical and theoretical approaches to analysing procurement landscapes: new approaches and case studies The Aswan West Bank: deep histories The Wadi Hammamat: a landscape of contact Future directions: comparative archaeological approaches and local Egyptian initiatives Suggested reading Bibliography Part III: Archaeological Landscapes: Surveying, Characterizing, and Managing Chapter 9: Mapping and topography Introduction: the history of mapping Egypt Applying cartography to archaeological investigations Remote sensing The EES Survey of Memphis The problems and challenges of remote sensing Topography The natural environment Discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 10: Recording rock inscriptions: Methods and challenges from an Egyptian perspective Introduction Overview of epigraphic research methods used in Egypt The history of epigraphic research in Aswan The Aswan First Cataract: an overview of epigraphic survey work undertaken in the region Recent fieldwork The survey work of the Ancient Quarries and Mines Department Case Study 1: recording the rock inscriptions of the First Cataract region Documentation methods Case Study 2: the central Wadi Hammamat History of epigraphic research in the Wadi Hammamat Problems and challenges English–Egyptian joint mission to Wadi Hammamat Methodology Conclusion and discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 11: Cultural heritage management in Egypt: Community-based strategies, problems, and possibilities Introduction Cultural heritage management in Egypt: what is the state of play? Community-based heritage: the critique Implementing community-based heritage initiatives in Egypt: an overview Marginalization and the problem of ‘top down’ management and bureaucracy Case study 1. The central Wadi Hammamat: a peopled landscape The communities and potential threats at Wadi Hammamat Communicating a deeper history: stakeholder awareness and expanding the educational, touristic, and economic benefits locally Case study 2. Aswan: new directions in balancing heritage protection with local livelihoods Local dialogues and the case of re-directing modern quarrying and mining Issues still to be resolved: the influence of top down bureaucracy, control and sectional conflict Conclusions and discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 12: Methods of site survey and excavation in Egypt Introduction Survey methodology Excavation and recording methodology Stratigraphic units and single context recording Layers and levels (Schichten, Planum) Work-step recording (Fundstellen) Lot-and-locus system Section recording The stratigraphic matrix Discussion A case study Current issues—methodology and training Suggested reading Bibliography Part IV: Material Culture Chapter 13: Studying materials and technology: Introduction Introduction The study of materials and technology in Egyptology Ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology The future for materials and technology in Egyptology Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 14: Settlement archaeology and the contextualization of domestic artefacts Introduction A brief history of settlement archaeology in Egypt and Nubia Amarna Deir el-Medina The influence of prehistory on settlement archaeology Areas of progress and debate in the archaeology and understanding of ancient Egyptian settlements Demographics and population estimates Ephemeral settlements and encampments Understanding the relationships between people and mud-brick buildings Strategies and problems in settlement archaeology in Egypt: the Gurob Harem Palace Project as case study Studying tools and domestic artefacts in their urban contexts Examining artefacts within their original contexts Refuse disposal mechanisms: exposing the hinterlands and afterlives of workshops Conclusions and discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 15: Ancient Egyptian pottery Introduction History Fabrics: Vienna System Other fabric classification systems Scientific technologies used for analysis of ancient ceramics (overview) Quantitative analysis Typology Why a good drawing is important Manufacture Function of vessels Strategies to tackle ceramics: consideration of context The art of discarding ceramics from archaeological excavations Going back to material from old excavations Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 16: Textiles Introduction Linen Current excavations Linen production Storage Cultivation and processing Looms Uses of linen Coloured and patterned textiles What linen means Status and economic values The future for the past Conclusions Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 17: Funerary equipment Introduction Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 18: Seals and scarabs Introduction: seals and sealing in ancient Egypt Pseudo-seals and amulet seals The seal-devices Cylinder seals Shape types of cylinder seals Sealing-surfaces of cylinder seals Stamp seals and stamp-seal amulets Stamp-seal terminology Shape types of non-scarab stamp seals Sealing-surface and seal-impressions of non-scarab stamp seals Scarabs Scarab terminology Back design of scarabs Bottom design of scarabs Use of scarabs Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 19: Mummies and physical anthropology Sources of information The early history of mummies The era of unwrapping The birth of complex mummy studies Holistic mummy studies Current work using science and ancient remains Imaging Palaeopathology and histology Other technologies, specialities, and the resulting data The future of the study of human remains Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 20: Ancient Egyptian architecture Introduction Discovering ancient Egyptian architecture Internal space, external shape, and landscape From the project to the building Materials and construction techniques Conclusions and future directions of research Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 21: Statuary Introduction Reception, acquisition, and excavation of statuary Publication and study of Egyptian statuary Materials and manufacture Statue forms Divine statues Royal statues Non-royal statues Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 22: Relief sculpture Introduction Types of relief sculpture Carving techniques Historical development of relief sculpture Suggested reading Bibliography Part V: Egypt and its Neighbours: Revisiting Cross-Border Relationships Chapter 23: Africa south of Egypt Introduction Names and terminology The Nile Valley south of Egypt Prehistory The First Intermediate Period The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period New Kingdom The emergence of Napata Later Napatan period Meroitic period Discussion: beyond Meroe Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 24: The Libyans Introduction Names Environment, culture, and geography The environment The Egyptian view of the Libyans: cosmology and history Iconographic evidence Libyan material culture in the New Kingdom: interpreting the archaeological evidence The Libyans in the Third Intermediate Period in Egypt Discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 25: Western Asia Introduction Background to the study of Western Asia in Egyptology: past influences and current trends Interdisciplinary work Theoretical models Ideological representation Identification and interpretation of ‘foreign’ materials Chronological synchronization Case studies Uruk, Egypt, Canaan, and the rise of the early state Discussion The Bronze Age Empire Future directions of research Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 26: The Aegean Introduction Chronology The Thera eruption LH IIIA2, Amarna, and Uluburun Contact routes Texts and inscriptions Artefacts and iconography Egypt in the Aegean The Aegean in Egypt The Tell el-Dab’a wall paintings The Theban tomb scenes Future research Suggested reading Bibliography Addendum Part VI: Egyptian History: Exploring Sources and Interpretative Frameworks Chapter 27: The Predynastic Period Introduction The origins of the Predynastic cultures Social structure Predynastic iconography The relationships between early Egypt and the Near East The origins of Egyptian kingship Future directions of research on Predynastic cultures Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 28: The Early Dynastic Period Introduction Egyptianness versus otherness Development of media Functions of writing, and its relevance for society in the perspective of sociology of knowledge A case-study in media, ideology, and politics: the dual kingship of Narmer Processes and structures in Early Dynastic history Events in Early Dynastic history Names and individuals in Early Dynastic history Memories of the Early Dynastic Period in later Egyptian history Epilogue: the dark side of history Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 29: The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period An historical outline Available data on monuments Available textual data Data deriving from settlements Specific historical issues Periods and dating The Fourth Dynasty The Fifth Dynasty The Sixth Dynasty The end of the Old Kingdom The length of the First Intermediate Period The Ninth and Tenth Dynasties The ‘reunification’ Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 30: The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Introduction: the sources of data The Eleventh Dynasty The Twelfth Dynasty The Thirteenth Dynasty The Second Intermediate Period: general issues The ‘Hyksos’ culture and rulers The Theban dynasties Future directions of research Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 31: The New Kingdom Introduction: historical overview The Eighteenth Dynasty The Nineteenth Dynasty The Twentieth Dynasty Sources for New Kingdom history Funerary data Settlement data Future directions of research into New Kingdom history Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 32: The Third Intermediate Period Introduction Dynasty 21 Dynasty 22 Dynasty 23 Dynasty 22A (Herakleopolitan/Theban Dynasty 23) Dynasty 24/Dynasty 26 Other Egyptian kings not belonging to Dynasties 22, 22A, 23, or 24 The Twenty-fifth Dynasty The Dynasties and their kings Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 33: Egypt in the Late Period Introduction The Twenty-sixth Dynasty The Twenty-seventh Dynasty The Twenty-eighth to Thirty-first Dynasties Future directions for research on Late Period history Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 34: The Ptolemaic and Roman periods Introduction Art and material culture in the Ptolemaic period Ptolemaic and Roman religion and temples The priesthood in the Ptolemaic period, and the importance of Memphis Hellenistic and Roman cults in Egypt Christianity Egypt’s place in the Roman Empire The administration of Roman Egypt Ptolemaic and Roman archaeology in Egypt Alexandria Naukratis Memphis Conclusions and future research directions Suggested reading Bibliography Part VII: Society and culture: Textual and Iconographic approaches Chapter 35: National administration Introduction The sources and research Writing and archaeology Titles Early Dynastic Period Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Third Intermediate Period and Late Period Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 36: Localadministration Introduction and research questions Settlement patterns Provinces: the nome system The Old Kingdom The Middle Kingdom The New Kingdom Offices and structures Control of individuals Village administration and local councils Local administration of law Conclusions Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 37: Law Introduction Terms and concepts The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period Property and its transmission Women’s rights, marriage, and divorce Legal transactions and their documentation Royal decrees Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period Property Legal transactions and their documentation Women’s rights, marriage, and divorce Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period Women’s rights, marriage, and divorce Legal transactions and their documentation Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 38: Genealogies Introduction Modern research into Egyptian genealogy Early Dynastic to Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Deir el-Medina Twentieth to Twenty-second Dynasties Late Period Ptolemaic period to Roman period Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 39: Gods, mythology, and cosmology Introduction Sources The gods Gods reflected in animals Multiple forms and names Myth The Osirian myth complex Creation of the universe The solar eye Myths in cultural dynamics Cosmology Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 40: Symbolism and religious iconography Introduction: the origins of Egyptian symbolism The types and uses of symbols Symbolic landscapes and their inhabitants Discussion: studies of Egyptian symbolism—challenges and future directions Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 41: Theology Introduction Nome Monographs and Mythological Manuals Other priestly sciences Commentaries and discursive texts Readership of theological texts Dating the sources Historical development Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 42: Funerary beliefs and practices The Osiris myth Funerary rituals The ‘Night of the Vigil’ The procession to the tomb The ‘Opening of the Mouth’ ritual The mortuary cult Discussion Suggested reading Bibliography Part VIII: Scripts and Philology Chapter 43: Scripts Representing language: general principles Categories of signs The word level Determinatives/classifiers Historical sketch Origins and early development Hieroglyphic writing Linear hieroglyphs Hieratic Abnormal hieratic and demotic Cultural contacts and influences Obsolescence Coptic Pictoriality and iconicity High-cultural dimensions Registers of writing in a di(/tri-)graphic culture A hieroglyphic tradition Ludic dimensions and enigmatic writing Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 44: Lexicography The history of lexicography From the decipherment of hieroglyphs to the beginning of work on the Wörterbuch The Wörterbuch After the Wörterbuch Lexicography today Specificities of the lexicography of ancient Egyptian Current research Writing a dictionary today: database vs. dictionary Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 45: Grammar Introduction Coptic grammars Hieroglyphic Egyptian grammars: early progress The ‘Berlin School’ British research into Egyptian grammar Polotsky and the ‘Standard Theory’ Post-Polotsky developments: the gradual abandonment of Standard Theory Recent developments Bibliography Chapter 46: History of the Egyptian language Introduction: periodization of the language Elements of a cultural and social history Linguistic history: a selective presentation The Afroasiatic background Phonology Nominal morphology and syntax Verbal morphology Functional domains Some further changes Earlier and Later Egyptian Mechanisms and factors of change Suggested reading Bibliography Part IX: Textual Genres: Current Positions and Future directions Chapter 47: Orality and literacy in ancient Egypt Introduction Chronological developments Current debates Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 48: Historical texts Introduction: definitions and source material Chronicles Royal annals King lists Royal narratives Warfare Building activities Private narratives Future directions in the study of historical texts Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 49: ‘Autobiographical’ texts Introduction: the nature of Egyptian autobiographies Autobiography in the Old Kingdom The First Intermediate Period The Middle Kingdom The New Kingdom Third Intermediate Period The Late Period and Ptolemaic and Roman periods Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 50: Literary texts Introduction Definition of ‘literature’ ‘Instructions’ ‘Fine speaking’ Biographies or travel narratives Use and context A note on transcription Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 51: Socio-economic texts Introduction Script, language, and material Methodologies Information available Controversies Problems and prospects for future study Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 52: Mathematical texts Introduction Sources Characteristics of Egyptian mathematical texts Social and cultural setting Historiography and controversies Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 53: Texts for healing and protection Introduction The Egyptological distinction between ‘magical’ and ‘medical’ texts Formal features of manuscripts Who were the users of the texts for healing and protection? Texts on other objects Texts for healing and protection as sources Current approaches and research priorities Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 54: Letters Introduction Definition of Letters Purpose of Correspondence Writing Materials used for Letters Formats used for Letters Chronological survey of letters Letters as source material Women’s correspondence Letters to the dead and gods Model and literary letters Problems in understanding letters New research possibilities Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 55: Demotic texts Introduction: definition of demotic Corpora and publications of museum holdings Documentary texts Legal texts (codes/protocols) Private legal texts Literary and scholarly texts Religious texts Magic Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 56: Coptic texts Introduction Christian, Gnostic, Hermetic, and Manichaean texts Coptic works concerning monasticism Saints, martyrs, and other religious figures Historical writings Sermons, homilies, hymns, and poems ‘Sub-literary’ genres Epigraphic texts Socio-economic texts Coptic papyrology Coptic texts as artefacts Coptic texts in cultural context: the Monastery of Epiphanius Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 57: Rock art, rock inscriptions, and graffiti Introduction Predynastic rock art: Niloticizing the desert and imaging the cosmos Early Dynastic rock inscriptions: sealing the desert—ownership, hegemony, and the extension of ordered space The Old Kingdom: soldiers, miners, and priests The First Intermediate Period and the early Middle Kingdom: travellers, policemen, and foreigners—personality and history The Middle Kingdom: expeditions and outposts The New Kingdom: tourists, Nubia, the borders of the empire, and royal workmen at Thebes The Third Intermediate Period: formal tableaux, temple annotations, and priestly families The Late Period Rock inscriptions, graffiti, and religion Monumentality, innovation, and intimacy Tools and techniques Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 58: Ptolemaic and Roman temple texts Introduction State of publication of the temple inscriptions The writing system, lexicography, grammar Lexicography Grammar Bibliographies, translations, and teaching tools Studies on content/interpretation Conclusion Suggested reading Bibliography Chapter 59: Greek and Latin sources Introduction Literary sources Papyrology and epigraphy Suggested reading Abbreviations used in this chapter Bibliography Part X: Museology and conservation Chapter 60: Museum collections Introduction Acquisition and early collections Museums and archaeological context Museums in Egypt Display and authority Presenting ancient Egypt(s) Interpretations Research Engaging with visitors Suggested Reading Bibliography Chapter 61: Egyptian museums and storehouses Introduction The history of the Egyptian museums Categories of Egyptian museums The main Egyptian museums Local and provincial museums Archaeological-site museums Discussion: the problems of Egyptian museums Archaeological storehouses in Egypt Discussion Final word Bibliography Chapter 62: Conservation in Egyptological museum collections Introduction General considerations Deterioration processes of inorganic materials Metal objects Ceramics, faience, and glass Limestone and sandstone Ivory and bone Deterioration processes of organic materials Wood Linen, papyri, cartonnage, and mummies Discussion: conservation challenges Suggested Reading Bibliography Index