دانلود کتاب The Oxford Handbook of Global Legal Pluralism

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Cover
The Oxford Handbook of Global Legal Pluralism
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Understanding Global Legal Pluralism: From Local to Global, from
Descriptive to Normative
1 From Local to Global
2 From Sovereignty to Authority
3 Global Legal Pluralism as a Descriptive Project
4 Global Legal Pluralism and International Law
5 Global Legal Pluralism as a Normative Project
6 Global Legal Pluralism and Cosmopolitanism
7 Global Legal Pluralism, the Rule of Law, and Democracy
8 The Politics of Global Legal Pluralism
Part I: FROM LOCAL TO
GLOBAL:
INTRODUCTORY
STORIES OF
GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM
Chapter 1: Local People and Global Goings-On: An African Story
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Mid-Nineteenth Century
1.2.1 Early Translocal Connections
1.2.2 Chiefs and Their Subjects, before 1885
1.3 The German Colonial Period
1.4 The British Colonial Period
1.4.1 Fewer Chiefdoms, Limiting Chiefly Power
1.4.2 Parallel Events in the Coffee Culture of Kilimanjaro
1.4.3 Educational Disparities in Local Kinship Groups
1.4.4 Colonial Contact and Supervision
1.5 Independence 1961 and Political Administration in the Countryside
1.5.1 The Abolition of Land Titles
1.5.2 The Reorganization of the Citizenry
1.5.3 Education for All
1.5.4 The Abolition of Chiefship
1.5.5 Kinship, Law, and Identity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1.6 Conclusion
Chapter 2: Anthropological
Roots of Global
Legal Pluralism
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Legal Complexity in Early History
2.3 Early Twentieth-Century: Empirical Studies—Law Embedded in Social and Political Contexts
2.4 1940–1970: From Disputes as a Source of Law to Law in Practice
2.5 Social and Legal Complexity
2.5.1 Consolidating Research on Disputing Processes
2.5.2 Critique of “Customary Law”
2.5.3 The Concept of Legal Pluralism
2.5.4 Additional Concepts
2.6 Global Dynamics
2.6.1 Transnationalization and the Transfer of Law
2.6.2 Law Reform and Development Cooperation
2.6.3 Human Rights, Indigenous Rights, and Minorities
2.6.3.1 Indigenous Peoples
2.6.3.2 Other Minorities
2.6.4 Transnational and Translocal Communities
2.6.5 Transnationalizing Religious Law
2.6.5.1 Historical Developments
2.6.5.2 Entanglements
2.6.5.3 Conflict Management
2.6.5.4 Technologies and Religious Law
2.7 Space, Time, Scale, and Hyperregulation: The Proliferation of Plural Legal Situations
2.8 The Politics of Global Legal Pluralism
2.9 Expanding the Notion of Legal Pluralism Toward Its Futures: From Universe to Pluriverse
2.10 Some Conclusions
Chapter 3: The Eclipse of Global Legal Pluralism in Ethnology: A French Trajectory
3.1 The Institutionalization of Ethnology within the Context of French Colonialism
3.2 Mauss’s The Nation and the Ethnographic Study of Legal Pluralism in the French Colonies
3.3 Mauss’s Students and the French Ethnological School of Global Legal Pluralism before the Second War
3.4 The Algerian War and the New Role of Ethnologists in Algeria
3.5 Pierre Bourdieu and the Demise of Global Legal Pluralism in French Ethnology
3.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: An Anthropological
Perspective on
Legal Pluralism
4.1 Four Critical Insights of Legal Pluralism
4.2 The Concept of Legal Pluralism
4.3 Legal Pluralism in Practice
4.3.1 Community Mediation
4.3.2 Colonial Law
4.3.3 Human Rights
4.3.4 Women’s Courts in India
4.4 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Empires and Jurisdictional Politics: Legal Pluralism and the Search for Global Order
5.1 Jurisdictional Politics in Conquest and Colonization
5.2 Imperial Sovereignty and Rights
5.3 Global Orders
5.4 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Other Parts of the Forest: Some Aspects of Global Legal Pluralism
6.1 Introduction
6.2 One: Disciplines and Canons
6.3 Two: Historical Experiences
6.4 Three: Pluralism and Legal Education
6.5 Four: “Mere Lawyers” and Others
6.6 Five: The Assumption of Liberalism
6.7 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Manifestations and Arguments: The Everyday Operation of Transnational
Legal Pluralism
7.1 Introduction: Legal Pluralism and the State/Law Nexus
7.2 “The State’s” Trouble with Legal Pluralism
7.2.1 Pluralism and Unity
7.2.2 Law’s Inherent Interdisciplinarity
7.3 Legal Pluralism and Transnational Law
7.4 Transnational Legal Pluralism: The DNA of Law in a Global Context
7.4.1 Actors, Norms, and Processes in Transnational Law
7.4.2 A Transnational Law in Context: A Jurisprudence of Humility
Part II: DEVELOPING
AND
CONTESTING A
PHILOSOPHICAL
THEORY OF
GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM
Chapter 8: Does Legal Theory
Have a Pluralism
Problem?
8.1 Introduction: Legal Theory’s Pluralism Problem
8.2 Approaching Legal Theory’s Pluralism Problem
8.3 Reporting Legal Theory’s Pluralism Problem
8.3.1 The Strong Claim: All Law Is State Law
8.3.2 The Intermediate Claim: State Law Is the Paradigm of the Concept of Law
8.3.3 The Weak Claim: Legal Theory Has Neglected Nonstate Forms of Law
8.4 Locating Legal Theory’s Pluralism Problem
8.4.1 Analyzing the Strong Claim: Kelsen and the Unity and Identity Theses
8.4.2 Examining the Intermediate Claim: State Law Is a Paradigm Form of Law
8.4.3 Examining the Weak Claim: Legal Theory Has Neglected Nonstate Forms of Law
8.5 Conclusion: Appraising Legal Theory’s Pluralism Problem
Chapter 9: Theorizing Justice
under Conditions
of Global Legal
Pluralism
9.1 Global Legal Pluralism as Normative Theory and Methodology
9.1.1 The Normative Critique of Legal Pluralism
9.1.2 The Methodological Response
9.2 Rawls’s Theory of Justice under Conditions of Global Legal Pluralism
9.2.1 A General Outline of Rawls’s Theory of Justice
9.3 Global Legal Pluralism and the Conditions of Practical Possibility
9.3.1 Idealizing Assumptions about the Well-Ordered Society
9.3.2 Pluralism and the Constraints of the Concept of Right
9.3.3 Pluralism, the Circumstances of Politics, and the Circumstances of Law
9.4 Conclusion
Chapter 10: Conceptual Theories of Law and the Challenges of Global Legal Pluralism: A Legal Interactionist Approach
10.1 Challenges for Conceptual Theories of Law
10.2 Lon L. Fuller
10.3 Philip Selznick
10.4 Legal Interactionism
10.5 Conceptual Pluralism
10.6 Definitional Pluralism
10.7 Conclusion: How Legal Interactionism Can Deal with the Challenges of Global Legal Pluralism
Chapter 11: Pluralist Authority
and the Relation
between Plurality
and Pluralism
11.1 The Relations between Plurality and Pluralism in Pluralist Jurisprudence
11.2 Plurality
11.2.1 Plurality of What?
11.2.2 What Is Plurality?
11.3 Pluralism
11.3.1 Instrumental and Intrinsic Justifications
11.3.2 Normativity or Normativities
11.3.3 Subjects as Recipients or Referents for Justification
11.4 Why Authority?
11.4.1 Authority’s Complexity: Reasons and Relations
11.5 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Global Legal
Pluralism and the
Rule of Law
12.1 Rule of Law Challenges to Normative Legal Pluralism
12.2 The Argument from Equivalence
12.3 The Argument from Trade-offs among Conflicting Values
12.4 The Argument from Legitimacy
Chapter 13: Legal Pluralism and
the Problem of Evil
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Problem of Evil: A Literary Account
13.3 The Origin of the Debate on Legal Pluralism
13.4 The Austro-Hungarian Modus Vivendi as Background for Ehrlich’s Legal Pluralism
13.5 Kelsen’s Legal Positivism as a Second Answer to the Historical Condition
13.6 The Gorgonian Head of Power Stares at Us
13.7 The Rule of Law as Minimal Background Condition for Legal Pluralism?
13.8 The Dialectics of Minimalism
13.9 The Demise of Legal Profession and Scholarship
13.10 In the Eye of the Hurricane
13.11 Coda
Chapter 14: Value Pluralism and Legal Pluralism: Using Radbruch’s Value-Based Approach to Law
to Understand Global Legal Pluralism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conceptual Distinctions in Value Pluralism
14.3 Value Pluralism and Legal Pluralism within a Liberal Order
14.4 Value Pluralism and Legal Pluralism in a Global Setting
14.5 Radbruch’s Value-Oriented Theory of Law
14.6 Antinomies of Legal Values in the Global Setting
14.7 Concluding Remarks
Part III: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM
Chapter 15: Law Unbounded?
The Shifting Stakes
in Global Normative
Order
15.1 Of Law and Boundaries1
15.2 The Territorial Principle and the Constitutional State
15.3 Globalization and the Mutation of Legal Boundaries
15.4 The Migration of Legal Ideas: The Shifting Justificatory Burden
Chapter 16: Constitutionalism without Borders and Governance beyond the States: A Comparative Institutional Approach
16.1 Globalization and the Locus of Power
16.1.1 International Organizations and Power Changes
16.1.2 The Transfer of Power to the Market
16.1.3 Technocratic Forms of Global Regulation
16.1.4 Interaction with Domestic Patterns of Representation and Participation
16.2 Transnational Interdependence and State Constitutionalism
16.2.1 The Challenge to State Constitutionalism
16.2.2 State Constitutionalism as a Contextual Representation of Constitutionalism
16.3 State Constitutions as a Proxy for Constitutionalism
16.4 Constitutionalism at the Transnational and Global Level
16.4.1 Alternative Programs for Constitutionalism beyond the State
16.4.1.1 Rights Constitutionalism
16.4.1.2 Political Constitutionalism: The Cosmopolitan View
16.4.1.3 Procedural Constitutionalism: Alternative Deliberative Processes
16.4.2 Positions Rejecting Constitutionalism beyond the State:
16.4.2.1 The State View
16.4.2.2 The Structural Bias View
16.5 From Constitutions to Constitutionalism as a Framework of Analysis for Governance beyond the State
Chapter 17: Transnational
Networks and the
Construction of
Global Law
17.1 The Grounding of Transnational Law
17.2 Pathways to Transnational Networked Constitutionalism
17.2.1 From Hierarchy to Network: The Topological Realization of Networked Constitutionalism
17.2.1.1 Creation of Validity through Cross-Referencing of Legal Norms
17.2.1.2 Linking Texts and Subjects: Indirect Ties through Affiliation
17.2.1.3 Network Politics: Direct Institutional Links
17.2.1.4 Joint Ethos
17.2.2 Networked Authority as Emergent Property: Mechanisms
17.2.3 Networked Authority in the CSR Domain
17.3 Conclusion
Chapter 18: Federalism as Legal
Pluralism
18.1 Introduction: The Legal Pluralism Critique of Monism
18.2 Federalism as Legal Pluralism
18.2.1 Federalism as Dual Sovereignty
18.2.1.1 The American Model
18.2.1.2 The European Model
18.2.2 Federalism as Pluralism
18.2.3 Dynamic Federalism as Legal Pluralism
18.3 The Shared Importance of Dialogic Process
18.3.1 Negotiated Federalism and Dialogic Process
18.3.2 The Benefits of Dialogic Governance
18.3.3 Consensus Process as Best Alternative
18.4 The Shared Rejection of Zero-Sum Governance
18.4.1 Disaggregating the Positive and the Normative
18.4.2 The Rejection of Zero-Sum Governance
18.4.2.1 Rejecting Zero-Sum Federalism
18.4.2.2 Rejecting Statist Monism
18.4.3 Contending with Zero-Sum Realities?
18.5 Conclusion
Part IV: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
Chapter 19: International Law as
a System of Legal
Pluralism
19.1 The Connection between Value Pluralism and Legal Pluralism in International Law
19.1.1 Origins: Value Pluralism and Incommensurability
19.1.2 International Law as a Reflection of Legal Pluralism
19.1.3 The Ambiguities of International Law’s Legal Pluralism
19.2 Different Modalities of International Legal Pluralism
19.2.1 Plural International Law(s)
19.2.2 Pluralist International Law
19.2.3 Pluralism in the Interstices
19.2.4 Functional Pluralism
19.2.5 The International Law of Domestic Pluralism
19.2.6 Plurally Constituted International Law
19.3 Conclusion: Between Global Pluralism and Pluralist Constitutionalism
Chapter 20: The Integrative
Effects of Global
Legal Pluralism
20.1 Pluralist Conflicts as a Disintegrative Force
20.1.1 The Skeptical Claim
20.1.2 Responses to the Skeptical Claim
20.2 Pluralist Conflicts as an Integrative Force
20.2.1 Conflict’s Constitutive Role
20.2.2 The Unifying Effects of Legal Conflict
20.3 Pluralist Conflicts at the World Trade Organization
20.3.1 Agenda Conflicts
20.3.2 Constitutive Conflicts
20.3.3 External Conflicts
20.4 Conclusion
Chapter 21: International
Criminal Law and
Legal Pluralism
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Pluralism and the ICC
21.3 Complementarity: Encouraging Harmonization?
21.3.1 Positive Complementarity
21.3.2 Shaping Substantive Law: Crime Definitions
21.3.3 Shaping Substantive Law: Modes of Liability
21.4 Domestic Legal Practice: Nationalist and Internationalist Approaches
21.5 Universal Jurisdiction: To Each, Their Own?
21.5.1 The Alemu Case
21.5.2 Looking for Legitimacy
21.6 Concluding Observations
Chapter 22: Cosmopolitan
Pluralist Hybrid
Tribunals
22.1 Introduction
22.2 History of Hybrid Courts
22.2.1 Origins
22.2.2 Historical Arc
22.3 Cosmopolitan Pluralism
22.3.1 Core Concepts
22.3.2 Cosmopolitan Pluralism in Hybrid Courts
22.3.2.1 Key Features
22.3.2.2 Institutional Functioning
22.3.2.2.1 Capacity Building and Norm Penetration
22.3.2.2.2 Domestic Perceived Legitimacy
22.3.2.3 Institutional Design Processes
22.4 International Criminal Law Norm Fragmentation/Pluralism
22.4.1 Pluralism or Fragmentation?
22.4.2 Cosmopolitan Pluralist Engagement on Norms
22.4.3 Hybrid Courts and Norm Pluralism
22.5 Conclusion
Part V: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM
AND CONFLICTS
OF LAW
Chapter 23: Global Legal
Pluralism and
Conflict of Laws
23.1 Theme
23.2 Three Types of Responses to Plurality
23.2.1 Uniform Techniques
23.2.2 Extralegal Techniques
23.2.3 Decentralized Legal Techniques
23.3 Conflict of Laws as Technique for Plurality
23.3.1 Techniques
23.3.2 Existing Proposals
23.4 The Fourfold Advantage of Private International Law
23.4.1 Experience
23.4.2 Epistemology
23.4.3 Technique
23.4.4 Ethic
23.5 Conflicts for Global Legal Pluralism: An Example
23.6 Conclusion
Chapter 24: Conflicts of Laws Unbounded: The Case for a Legal-Pluralist Revival
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Conflicts Are Back . . . Well, Sort Of
24.2 The Anatomy of Conflict
24.2.1 Close Encounters: A Third Kind?
24.2.2 Mainstreaming Conflicts
24.3 Beyond Rights: The Anonymous Matrix
24.3.1 Autonomous Rationalities
24.3.2 Impersonal Rights
24.4 Questions of Perspective
24.4.1 Recursive Reflexivity: Unilateralism in Network Mode
24.4.2 Tolerance and the Inversion of Sovereignty
24.5 Conclusion: Conflicting Rationalities in Practice
Part VI: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND
TRANSNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
TRANSACTIONS
Chapter 25: Global Legal
Pluralism and
Commercial Law
25.1 The Contentious History of the Law Merchant
25.2 A Taxonomy of Modern Commercial Law Sources
25.2.1 Domestic Commercial Legislation and Codification
25.2.2 Domestic Court Decisions Augmenting Domestic Legislation or Codification
25.2.3 Case Law
25.2.4 International Conventions
25.2.5 Model Laws and Guides
25.2.6 Domestic Court Decisions on International Conventions
25.2.7 Trade Usages
25.2.8 Use of Trade Usages by Courts and Arbitral Tribunals
25.2.9 Quasi Legislative Principles
25.2.10 Arbitral Awards
25.2.11 General Principles of Law
25.2.12 Commercial Custom Not Elsewhere Identified
25.3 Pluralism in Official State Commercial Codes and Legislation
25.3.1 Pluralism in Nineteenth-Century Commercial Codes and Legislation
25.3.2 Embracing Pluralism in the American UCC: The Incorporation Strategy
25.4 A Contemporary Law Merchant?
25.4.1 Mercatorists, Statists, and Pragmatists
25.4.2 Transnational Commercial Law
25.5 Schools of Thought about Pluralism in Commercial Law
25.5.1 Law and Economics
25.5.2 Law and Society
25.5.3 Critical Accounts
25.5.4 Positivist Accounts and Norm-Recognition Strategies
25.6 Soft Law and Global Finance
25.7 The Future
Chapter 26: Private Uniform Law
and Global Legal
Pluralism
26.1 A Brief History of Commercial Institutions
26.2 Uniform Commercial Law
26.2.1 Uniform Private Law: States’ Efforts to Harmonize Commercial Law
26.2.2 Private Uniform Law: The ICC’s Efforts to Harmonize Commercial Law
26.2.2.1 Incoterms
26.2.2.2 Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
26.3 Legal Pluralism: The Operating Conditions of Private Uniform Law
26.3.1 Private Uniform Law in Books
26.3.2 Private Uniform Law in Action
26.3.3 The Impossible Reality of Private Uniform Law
Chapter 27: Compliance as
an Exchange of
Legitimacy for
Influence
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Using Legal Institutions to De-Legitimize and Re- Legitimize: A Framework
27.3 Exchanging Legitimacy for Influence in Practice: The Information Effects of International Agreements
27.4 The Information Effects of Nonbinding Institutions
27.5 Conclusion
Chapter 28: The Application of
Non-State-Based
Standards in
International
Arbitration
28.1 The Emergence of Nonstate Standards in International Arbitration
28.2 Theories of Nonstate Standards in International Arbitration
28.3 Application of Nonstate Standards in International Arbitration
28.4 Nonstate Standards Pertaining to the Merits of a Case
28.5 Examples of Nonstate Standards in Arbitral Awards Being Upheld in National Courts
28.6 Concluding Remarks on the Role of Nonstate Standards in Today’s Arbitral Practice and Possible Future Developments
Part VII: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND
INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITIES
Chapter 29: E Pluribus Plures: Legal Pluralism and the Recognition of
Indigenous Legal Orders
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Formal Interactions between the State and Indigenous Legal Orders in Canada and Aotearoa/New Zealand
29.3 The Nature and Sources of Indigenous Law
29.4 The Way Forward: Options for Recognition and Revitalization
Chapter 30: Indigenous Rights
and Intrastate
Multijuridicalism
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Grounding the Theoretical Account: The Canadian Example
30.3 Law/Society Battles and the Emergence of “Strong” Legal Pluralism
30.4 Multijuridicalism and State-Supported Legal Pluralism
30.5 Tensions in the Context of Global Legal Pluralism
30.6 Conclusions
Chapter 31: Legal Pluralism and
Indigenous Legal
Traditions
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Legal Pluralism and the Indigenous-State Relationship
31.3 Indigenous Legal Traditions in Legal Scholarship
31.4 Where Next for Legal Pluralism in Settler Societies? Some Concluding Comments
Part VIII: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND
RELIGIOUS
COMMUNITIES
Chapter 32: State Legal Pluralism and Religious Courts: Semi-Autonomy and Jurisdictional Allocations
in Pluri-Legal Arrangements
32.1 Introduction: Legal Pluralism within the State
32.2 Religious Courts in Nontheocratic States: Pluri-Legal Personal Law Systems
32.3 The Significance and Persistence of State Legal Pluralism: Religious Courts as Semi-Autonomous Institutions
32.3.1 Critique of State Legal Pluralism as Weak Legal Pluralism: An Overview
32.3.2 The Persistence of State Legal Pluralism
32.3.3 State Religious Courts and Semi-Autonomy
32.4 State Religious Courts and Civil Courts: Modes of Interaction
32.4.1 Concurrent Jurisdiction: Procedural Management and Reliance
32.4.2 Exclusive Jurisdictions: Competition and Conflict
32.5 Conclusion
Chapter 33: The Future of
Religious Arbitration
in the United States:
Looking Through
a Pluralist Lens
33.1 Introduction
33.2 The What and Why of Religious Arbitration
33.2.1 Providing Access to Justice
33.2.2 Advancing Religious Values
33.3 Challenges of Religious Arbitration
33.3.1 Policing Procedural Fairness
33.3.2 Community Pressure
33.4 Conclusion
Chapter 34: Sex Policing in
the Arab World
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Arab Legal Pluralism
34.3 Sex Policing in the Arab World
34.3.1 Tribal Law
34.3.2 Islamic Law
34.3.3 State Law
34.4 State Deference
34.4.1 Formal Legislation
34.4.2 Informal Withdrawal
34.5 Monist Obsessions
34.6 Conclusion
Part IX: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM AND THE
DETERRITORIALIZATION
OF DATA
Chapter 35: The Overlapping
Web of Data,
Territoriality, and
Sovereignty
35.1 Data’s Challenges
35.1.1 Law Enforcement Access to Data Across Borders
35.1.1.1 The Microsoft Ireland Case
35.1.1.2 Challenges Posed by Blocking Statutes
35.1.1.3 Legislative Responses
35.1.2 Content Restrictions
35.1.3 Privacy Regulations and Efforts to Reassert Territorial-Based Controls
35.2 Implications
35.3 Conclusion
Chapter 36: The Problem of Platform Law: Pluralistic Legal Ordering on Social Media
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Legal Pluralism and the Internet
36.3 Elements of Platform Law
36.3.1 Terms of Service
36.3.2 Substantive Law
36.3.3 Procedural Law
36.3.4 Technical Law
36.4 Realizing Hybridity through Autonomy
36.4.1 The Risks of Platform Law
36.4.2 Autonomy by Design
36.4.3 Objections to User Autonomy
36.5 Conclusion
Chapter 37: Fighting Fundamentalism with Pluralism: Technologies of Enlightenment
during the Arab Spring
37.1 Two Revolutions
37.2 Tactics and Technologies of Enlightenment in the Arab Spring
37.2.1 Upending Authority
37.2.2 Creating a Culture of Participation
37.2.3 Political Emotions and Changes of Heart
37.3 Modern-Day Tom Paine
37.4 Political Islam: Fighting Fundamentalism with Pluralism
37.5 Rechanneling Honor Codes
37.6 Conclusion
Part X: GLOBAL LEGAL
PLURALISM,
MEMBERSHIP,
AND
CITIZENSHIP
Chapter 38: Membership and
Global Legal
Pluralism
38.1 Legal Pluralism, Community, and Membership
38.2 Problematizing Membership Admission
38.3 Problematizing Membership Exit
38.4 Taking Global Citizenship Seriously
38.5 Conclusion
Chapter 39: On the Verge of Citizenship: Negotiating Religion and Gender Equality
39.1 Citizenship by Naturalization
39.2 Constituting Citizens through “Words that Bind”: A Brief Comparative Journey
39.3 Canada’s Multiculturalism
39.4 Context and Membership Matters
39.5 Troubles in Paradise: When Diversity and Equality Collide
39.6 Women, Citizenship, and the Franchise
Index