دانلود کتاب The Oxford Handbook of Morphological Theory (Oxford Handbooks)

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Cover\nThe oxford handbook of morphological theory\nCopyright\nDedication\nContents\nAcknowledgements\nList of Abbreviations\nThe Contributors\nChapter 1: Introduction: Theory and theories in morphology\n 1.1 Welcome\n 1.1.1 About the volume\n 1.2 Morphologocal theories\n 1.2.1 What is the goal of morphology theory?\n 1.2.2 Where is morphology?\n 1.2.3 Basic units and processes\n 1.2.4 Morphology and syntax\n 1.2.5 Morphology and semantics\n 1.2.6 Morphology and phonology\n 1.2.7 Morphology and the lexicon\n 1.2.8 Taxonomies of theories\n 1.3 The structure of the handbook\n 1.3.1 Part I: Issues in morphology\n 1.3.2 Part II: Morphological theories\n 1.3.3 Part III: Morphological theory and other fields\n 1.4 Conclusion\nPART I: ISSUES IN MORPHOLOGY\n Chapter 2: A short history of morphological theory\n 2.1 Antecedents of generative morphology\n 2.1.1 Edward Sapir\n 2.1.2 Leonard Bloomfield\n 2.1.3 Classical American structuralism\n 2.2 Morphology in classical generative grammar\n 2.2.1 Early Transformational Grammar\n 2.2.2 The Aspects theory\n 2.3 The rediscovery of morphology\n 2.3.1 Lexicalism in syntactic theory\n 2.3.2 Generative Morphology comes into its own\n 2.4 Conclusion: Varieties of morphological theory\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 3: Theoretical issues in world formation\n 3.1 Introduction: What is the goal of a theory of world formation?\n 3.2 Theory and structure\n 3.3 Compoments: The place of world formation in the grammar\n 3.3.1 The interface with syntax\n 3.3.2 The interface with phonology\n 3.4 Morphological theory and lexical semantics\n 3.4.1 Derivation\n 3.4.2 Compounding\n 3.5 Other theoretical issues\n 3.5.1 Headedness\n 3.5.2 Productivity and blocking\n 3.5.3 Affix ordering\n 3.5.4 Bracketing paradoxes\n 3.5.5 Derivational paradigms\n 3.6 Conclusion\n Chapter 4: Theoretical issues in inflection\n 4.1 What is inflectional morphology?\n 4.2 What are the basic units in terms of which a language\'s inlfectional morphology is defined?\n 4.3 what sorts of structures does a language\'s inflectional morphology define?\n 4.3.1 Amorphousness\n 4.3.1.1 First reason: a word form’s morphology may underdetermine its content\n 4.3.1.2 Second reason: a word form’s morphology may overrepresent its content\n 4.3.1.3 Third reason: a word form’s morphology may misrepresent its content\n 4.3.2 Paradigms\n 4.4 What is the relation between concatenative and nonconcatenative inflectional morphology?\n 4.5 How is the relation between a word form\'s morphosyntactic properties and its inflectional exponents defined?\n 4.6 What distinguishes inflectional morphology from other kinds of morphology?\n 4.7 Conclusion: Is inflectional morphology autonomous, that is, defined separately from syntax?\n 4.8 Further Reading\nPART II: MORPHOLOGICAL THEORIES\n Chapter 5: Structuralism\n 5.1 Background\n 5.1.1 Structuralism and morphology\n 5.2 The architecture of the grammar\n 5.2.1 Where is morphology: autonomous component or not?\n 5.3 Basic issues\n 5.3.1 The representation of morphological processes\n 5.3.2 The basic units of morphological analysis\n 5.4 The sub-parts of morphology\n 5.4.1 The treatment of word-formation\n 5.4.2 The treatment of inflection\n 5.5 Interfaces\n 5.5.1 Morphology–lexicon interface\n 5.5.2 Morphology–phonology interface\n 5.5.3 Morphology–syntax interface\n 5.5.4 Morphology–semantics interface\n 5.6 Other factors\n 5.6.1 Variation within and across languages\n 5.6.2 Language change\n 5.6.3 Frequency and productivity\n 5.6.4 The role and relevance of experimental methods\n 5.7 Concluding remarks\n 5.8 Further reading\n Chapter 6: Early genetative grammar\n 6.1 Morphology in the earliest stages of generative grammar\n 6.2 The introduction of the lexicon and constraints on transformations\n 6.3 The lexicalist hypothesis\n 6.4 Elaborations of the lexicalist hypithesis\n 6.5 Transformationalist approaches\n 6.6 General theoretical issues\n 6.7 Evaluation and legacy\n Chapter 7: Later generative grammar and beyond: Lexicalism\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.2 Historical backbackground\n 7.2.1 Early generativism\n 7.2.2 The Lexicalist Hypothesis\n 7.2.3 Early lexicalist models (Halle ; Jackendoff )\n 7.2.4 Derivation in the lexicalist framework\n 7.2.5 Inflection in the lexicalist framework\n 7.2.6 Further developments of lexicalist models\n 7.3 Units and concepts of lexicalist morpholgy\n 7.3.1 The lexicon\n 7.3.2 Words\n 7.3.3 Minimal lexical units\n 7.3.4 Conditions on morphological rules\n 7.3.5 Head\n 7.4 Conclusion: Lexicalism Today\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 8: Distributed morphology\n 8.1 Introduction\n 8.2 Background\n 8.2.1 Rejecting Lexicalism\n 8.2.2 The model of DM\n 8.3 Morphology in DM\n 8.3.1 Morpheme-based morphology\n 8.3.2 Item-and-arrangement\n 8.3.3 Underspecification\n 8.3.4 Rules\n 8.3.5 DM as a realizational model\n 8.4 The interface with phonology in DM\n 8.5 Major morphological issues in DM\n 8.5.1 Derivation vs. inflection\n 8.5.2 Productivity\n 8.5.3 Blocking\n 8.5.4 Functional vs. lexical\n 8.5.5 Allomorphy\n 8.6 Further research\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 9: Minimalism in morphological theories\n 9.1 Main Features of minimalist theories\n 9.1.1 Language as an optimal solution to the externalization of thought\n 9.1.2 Third factor explanations\n 9.1.3 Impoverishing UG\n 9.1.4 The lexicon in orthodox Minimalism\n 9.2 Reduction of CS principles: Its application to morphology\n 9.2.1 Deriving lexical restrictions from Merge\n 9.2.1.1 Deriving grammatical categories\n 9.2.1.2 Treating restrictions as interface conditions\n 9.2.1.3 Deriving Aktionsart and argument structure\n 9.2.2 Removing principles from CS\n 9.2.2.1 Feature percolation is derived from Merge\n 9.2.2.2 Deriving (what is left of) the No Phrase Constraint\n 9.3 Spell-out as a way to restrict the output of CS\n 9.3.1 Idiosyncratic restrictions of exponents\n 9.3.2 Rules of spell-out (1): linearization\n 9.3.3 Rules of spell-out (2): Phrasal spell-out and its consequences\n 9.4 Inflection: Removing agree rom CS\n 9.5 Features: How different are heads that get merged?\n 9.5.1 A feature-free CS\n 9.5.2 Features as part of CS\n 9.6 Some concluding remarks\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 10: Optimality theory and prosodic morphology\n 10.1 Introduction\n 10.2 Morphological issues raised by prosodic morhology\n 10.3 Optimizing the \'concatenative ideal\' and deviations from it\n 10.3.1 Constraint types in OT\n 10.3.2 Segmental dependence\n 10.3.2.1 Segmental dependence as correspondence\n 10.3.2.2 Segmental dependence without construction-specific correspondence\n 10.3.3 Fixed shape as the emergence of the unmarked\n 10.3.3.1 Morpheme-specific templates\n 10.3.3.2 Generalized Prosodic Hierarchy-based templates\n 10.3.3.3 Generalized morpheme-based templates\n 10.3.3.4 Violation of additivity: nicknames, abbreviations, and other templatic truncations\n 10.3.3.5 Partial reduplication in theories without Base-RED correspondence\n 10.3.4 Violations of proper precedence and contiguity\n 10.3.4.1 Semitic root-and-pattern morphology\n 10.3.4.2 Infixation\n 10.4 Evaluation\n 10.4.1 Contributions of OT to the analysis of prosodic morphology\n 10.4.2 Unresolved issues\n 10.5 Concluding remarks\n Further Reading\n Chapter 11: Morphology in lexical-functional grammar and head-driven phrase structure grammar\n 11.1 Background\n 11.1.1 Overview of LFG\n 11.1.2 Overview of HPSG\n 11.2 Basic issues\n 11.2.1 The representation of morphological processes\n 11.2.1.1 In LFG\n 11.2.1.2 In HPSG\n 11.3 The subparts of morphologh\n 11.3.1 Word formation\n 11.3.1.1 In LFG\n 11.3.1.2 In HPSG\n 11.3.2 Inflection\n 11.3.2.1 In LFG\n 11.3.2.1.1 Multiple exponence\n 11.3.2.1.2 Constructive morphology\n 11.3.2.2 In HPSG\n 11.3.2.2.1 Paradigms\n 11.3.2.2.3 Variable morph ordering\n 11.3.2.2.4 Floating affixes and hpsg domains\n 11.4 Interface with syntax\n 11.4.1 In LFG\n 11.4.2 In HPSG\n 11.5 Further reading and references\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 12: Nature morphology\n 12.1 The growth of nature morphology\n 12.1.1 The functionalist nature of NM\n 12.1.2 The cognitive roots of NM\n 12.1.3 Naturalness at the different levels of linguistic analysis\n 12.2 The semiotic basis of NM\n 12.2.1 Iconicity and semiotic parameters of naturalness\n 12.2.2 Cognitive endowment and universal parameters of naturalness\n 12.2.3 Conflicting levels of adequacy\n 12.3 The strategy of NM\n 12.3.1 Scales of transparency\n 12.3.2 Morphotactic transparency and naturalness\n 12.3.3 The dynamic dimension in morphology and natural language change\n 12.4 System-dependent naturalness\n 12.4.1 System adequacy and markedness reduction\n 12.4.2 The role of paradigms in markedness reduction\n 12.4.3 Contrasting system adequacy and diagrammaticity\n 12.5 Conclusion and outlook\n Acknowledgments\n Chapter 13: Word and paradigm morphology\n 13.1 Introduction\n 13.1.1 The locus of morphological variation\n 13.1.2 Models and classification\n 13.2 Words and paradigms\n 13.2.1 Two models of grammatical description\n 13.2.2 In defence of WP\n 13.2.3 Periphrastic expression\n 13.2.4 Parts and wholes\n 13.2.5 Gestalt exponence\n 13.3 The \'item and pattern\' model\n 13.3.1 Morphological organization\n 13.3.2 Morphological information\n 13.4 Concluding observations\n Chapter 14: Paradigm function morphology\n 14.1 Background\n 14.2 Basic features\n 14.2.1 PFM1\n 14.2.2 PFM2\n 14.2.3 Deviations from canonical inflection in PFM2\n 14.2.3.1 Defectiveness\n 14.2.3.2 Syncretism\n 14.2.3.3 Inflection classes\n 14.2.3.4 Deponency\n 14.3 An illustrative examples of the architecture of PFM2: Bena-bena verb inflection\n 14.4 Beyond inflection\n 14.5 Interfaces\n 14.6 Futuer prospects\n Chapter 15: Network morphology\n 15.1 Introduction\n 15.2 The network morphology framework\n 15.2.1 Generalized referral\n 15.3 Case studies\n 15.3.1 The normal case default and the exceptional case default\n 15.3.2 Morphological complexity in Nuer\n 15.3.3 Diachrony\n 15.4 Conclusion\n 15.5 Resources\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 16: Word grammar morphology\n 16.1 Background\n 16.2 Basic issues\n 16.3 The subparts of morphology\n 16.4 Interfaces\n 16.5 Other properties to be accounted for\n 16.6 Other factors\n 16.7 Evaluation\n 16.8 Further reading\n Chapter 17: Morphology in cognitive grammar\n 17.1 Fundamentals\n 17.2 Morphemes\n 17.3 Morphological structure\n 17.4 Unification\n 17.5 Conclusion\n Chapter 18: Construction morphology\n 18.1 Introduction\n 18.2 Basic tenets\n 18.2.1 Sign-based\n 18.2.2 Word-based\n 18.2.3 Usage-based\n 18.2.4 Summing up: the basic architecture\n 18.3 Theoretical tools\n 18.3.1 Default inheritance\n 18.3.2 Connectivity and its functions\n 18.3.3 Unification\n 18.3.4 Non-compositionality and headedness\n 18.3.5 Constraints\n 18.4 Morphological processes\n 18.4.1 Word formation\n 18.4.1.1 Derivation\n 18.4.1.2 Compounding\n 18.4.2 Multi-word expressions\n 18.4.3 Inflection\n 18.5 Special Issues\n 18.5.1 Language change\n 18.5.2 Productivity\n 18.6 Evaluation\n 18.7 Further Reading\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 19: Relational morphology in the parallel architecture\n 19.1 Introduction\n 19.2 The Place of morphology in the parallel architecture\n 19.3 Productive and nonproductive schemas\n 19.3.1 Schemas vs. rules\n 19.3.2 Lexical redundancy rules\n 19.3.3 Productivity\n 19.3.4 Two functions of schemas\n 19.3.5 Are nonproductive schemas necessary?\n 19.4 Formalizing lexical relations\n 19.4.1 Inheritance with impoverished entries and full entries\n 19.4.2 Inheritance without inherent directionality\n 19.4.3 A-morphousness\n 19.4.4 Sister relations\n 19.4.5 Sister relations among schemas\n 19.5 Summary and conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 20: Canonical Typology\n 20.1 Introduction\n 20.2 Establishing a canon\n 20.2.1 Identification of the domain\n 20.2.2 Identification of parameters of variation\n 20.2.3 Identification of canonical values\n 20.2.4 Extrapolation of the sample space\n 20.3 Application to morphology\n 20.3.1 Inflectional morphology\n 20.3.2 Derivational morphology\n 20.4 Future directions of cononical typology\n 20.5 Conclusion\n 20.6 Further Reading\n Acknowledgements\nPART III: MORPHOLOGICAL THEORY AND OTHER FIELDS\n Chapter 21: Morphological theory and typology\n 21.1 Introduction\n 21.2 The notion of \"world\" and its problems\n 21.2.1 Is “wordform” a typologically valid concept?\n 21.2.2 Inflection vs. derivation and the notion of “lexeme”\n 21.3 The relation between meaning and form in morphology\n 21.4 Syntagmatic dimensions of morphological typology\n 21.5 Paradigmatic dimensions of morphological typology\n 21.6 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 22: Morphological theory and creole languages\n 22.1 Goals and main issues\n 22.2 Introducing creoles and creole morphology\n 22.2.1 The genesis of creole languages\n 22.2.2 The bias against creole word structure\n 22.3 Full reduplication\n 22.3.1 Survey\n 22.3.1.1 Meaning and iconicity\n 22.3.1.2 Morphological form and behaviour\n 22.3.2 Analysing full reduplication\n 22.4 Derivation\n 22.4.1 Survey\n 22.4.1.1 Superstrate affixes\n 22.4.1.2 Morphologized free words\n 22.4.1.3 Affixes of substrate origin\n 22.4.1.4 Semantic opacity\n 22.4.2 Analysing derivation\n 22.5 Inflection\n 22.5.1 Origins\n 22.5.2 Form–meaning relation\n 22.5.3 Analysing creole inflection\n 22.6 Conclusion\n 22.7 Further Reading\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 23: Morphological theory and diachronic change\n 23.1 Introduction\n 23.2 Word-formation change\n 23.3 Reanalysis\n 23.3.1 Affix-telescoping\n 23.3.2 Resegmentation\n 23.3.3 Grammaticalization and affixoids\n 23.3.4 Implications for morphological theory\n 23.4 Productivity\n 23.4.1 Morphological change as change in productivity\n 23.4.2 Factors and explanations\n 23.5 Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 24: Morphological theory and synchronic variation\n 24.1 Variation: Assumptions and premises\n 24.2 Variation in morphological processes\n 24.2.1 Variation in inflection\n 24.2.1.1 Paradigmatic leveling\n 24.2.1.2 Heteroclisis\n 24.2.1.3 Inflectional variation and language contact\n 24.2.2 Variation in derivation\n 24.2.2.1 Producing feminine professional nouns\n 24.2.2.2 Derivational variation and language contact\n 24.2.3 Variation in compounding\n 24.2.3.1 Fluctuating between endocentric and exocentric compounds\n 24.2.3.2 Compound variation and language contact\n 24.3 Summary\n Acknowledgements\n Chapter 25: Morphological theory and first language acquisition\n 25.1 Introduction\n 25.2 Linguistic theory and Language acquisition data\n 25.3 Morphologically complex words: Processing and theory\n 25.4 Omission of regular past tense inflection in english child language\n 25.5 Overregularizing irregular verbs and nouns in english child language\n 25.6 What do other languages show?\n 25.7 Atypical language acquisition\n 25.8 Concluding remarks\n Chapter 26: Morphological theory and second language acquisition\n 26.1 Inflectional Morphology: Why are some morphemes difficult?\n 26.1.1 Early studies of morpheme acquisition\n 26.1.2 Generative approaches to morpheme acquisition\n 26.1.2.1 Representational deficit approaches\n 26.1.2.2 The locus of the deficit revisited\n 26.1.3 Variation at the interfaces\n 26.1.4 Language tags on morphemes\n 26.1.5 The phonological interface\n 26.1.5.1 Right-edge clusters\n 26.1.6 Production versus comprehension\n 26.2 From inflectional morphology to derivational morphology\n 26.3 Compound words\n 26.4 Next steps\n Chapter 27: Morphological theory and psycholinguistics\n 27.1 Overview\n 27.2 Brief introduction to psycholinguistics\n 27.3 Psycholinguistic approaches to morpheme representation\n 27.4 Relevant data and phenomena\n 27.4.1 Overview\n 27.4.2 Whole-word frequency and morpheme frequency effects\n 27.4.3 Morphological priming\n 27.4.4 Transposed-letter effect\n 27.4.5 Morpheme position effect\n 27.4.6 Summary and implications of empirical findings\n 27.5 Agenda for future works\n 27.6 Further Reading\n Chapter 28: Morphological theory and Neurolinguistics\n 28.1 What is neurolinguistics?\n 28.2 Neurolinguistic approaches to morphological processing\n 28.2.1 Morphological processing models\n 28.2.2 Comprehension of morphology\n 28.2.2.1 Electrophysiological studies on morphological violations\n 28.2.2.2 Neuropsychological studies on morphological violations\n 28.2.2.3 Electrophysiological studies on the comprehensionof derived words\n 28.2.2.4 Electrophysiological studies on compound comprehension\n 28.2.2.5 Neuropsychological studies on compound comprehension\n 28.2.3 Production of morphology\n 28.3 Future directions\n Chapter 29: Morphological theory and computational linguistics\n 29.1 Introduction\n 29.2 Theoretical background\n 29.2.1 The balance between rules and lexicon\n 29.3 Finite state automata and regular languages\n 29.3.1 Building an Italian word processor with FSAs\n 29.3.2 Finite State Transducers\n 29.3.3 Discussion\n 29.4 Hierarchical lexica\n 29.4.1 Discussion\n 29.5 Machine learning of morphology\n 29.5.1 Supervised learning\n 29.5.1.1 Memory-based learning\n 29.5.1.2 Stochastic modelling\n 29.5.1.3 Rule induction\n 29.5.1.4 Connectionist approaches\n 29.5.1.5 Discussion\n 29.5.2 Unsupervised learning\n 29.5.2.1 Minimum Description Length\n 29.5.2.2 Features and classes\n 29.5.2.3 Adaptive word coding\n 29.5.2.4 Discussion\n 29.6 Summary and concluding remarks\n Chapter 30: Morphological theory and sign languages\n 30.1 Introduction\n 30.2 Exploitation of phonology in morphology\n 30.2.1 Sign phonology basics\n 30.2.2 Phonological parameters and meaning\n 30.2.2.1 The non-manuals\n 30.2.2.2 Ion-morphs\n 30.2.2.3 Iconicity\n 30.3 Theoretical issues in morphology\n 30.3.1 New issue: Complexity vs. simplicity\n 30.3.2 New issue: reactive effort\n 30.3.3 Familiar issues: roots and lexical categories\n 30.4 Morphological processes\n 30.4.1 Horizontal temporal morphology\n 30.4.1.1 Affixation\n 30.4.1.2 Compounding\n 30.4.1.3 Reduplication\n 30.4.2 Vertical morphology\n 30.4.2.1 Incorporation\n 30.4.2.2 Blends\n 30.5 Morphosyntax\n 30.6 Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\nReferences\nLanguage index\nIndex of names\nGeneral index