دانلود کتاب The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany

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Cover
The Oxford Handbook of THEARCHAEOLOGY OF ROMAN GERMANY
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Editors’ Introduction
The importance of Germania
Origins of the Handbook of Roman Germany
Germans and Germany, Germani and Germania, Deutsch and Deutschland: geographical and cultural definitions
Why the language barrier?
The philosophical gulf
Conclusion: reaffirming the importance of Germania, and German scholarship
Acknowledgements
Notes
Bibliography
Part I: PRELUDE, CONQUEST, AND PROVINCIALISATION
A. Occupation and consolidation
Chapter 1: The Lands of Germania in the Later Pre-Roman Iron Age
Introduction
Literary sources and historical interpretation
Settlements
Oppida
Manching
Kelheim
Heidengraben
Steinsburg
Heidetränk oppidum
Dünsberg
Donnersberg
Martberg
Viereckschanzen and smaller enclosed settlements
Open settlements
Graves
The south
The contact zone
The north
Infrastructure
Economy
Agriculture
Money
Warfare
Religion
References
Chapter 2: Emergence of the Provinces
Introduction
The Romans on the Rhine
The occupation of Germania
Germania under Roman rule
The Varus disaster
Attempts at reconquest and there call of Germanicus
The development of a frontier in the first century ad
The constitution of two Germanic provinces under Domitian
Notes
References
B. Creating a provincial landscape
Chapter 3: Archaeology of Germania Superior: Urban Settlements
Preconditions
Research
Origin of the vici
On the left bank of the Rhine
The right bank of the Rhine
Planned development?
The establishment of civitas capitals
The transition from military to civilian vici
Industrial sites and settlements with special functions
On the appearance of civitas capitals and vici
Public buildings
Mogontiacum–Mainz: a provincial capital without urbanism?
Arae Flaviae–Rottweil: the modest municipium
Nida–Heddernheim: a centre with initial difficulties
Lopodunum–Ladenburg: more than a forum and basilica
Neuenstadt: a civitas capital in the open countryside
Tabernae–Rheinzabern: an ancient industrial site
Eisenberg: a centre of iron production
Walheim: trading centre on a river
Güglingen: street settlement in a rural environment
References
Chapter 4: Archaeology of Germania Inferior: Urbanization
Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (CCAA)
Xanten (Colonia Ulpia Traiana/CVT)
The vici
Industrial settlements
Agricultural settlements
Summary
References
Suggested reading
Chapter 5: Roman Rural Landscape Occupation in Present-Day Germany: An Overview
Introduction
The growth of ‘rural settlement archaeology’
Key aspects of settlement archaeology in Germany
The Lower Rhine region
The Middle Rhine region
The Moselle region
The northern Rhine region
The southern Upper Rhine and Neckar region
Northern Raetia
References
Part II: CORE PROVINCES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE
C. Wars and Frontiers
Chapter 6: Roman Battlefields in Germany: Kalkriese and Harzhorn
Introduction
Kalkriese
Harzhorn
Short-term events in the open field and their historical assignment
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: The Limes
Introduction
Terminology and function
Historic developments
The end of the limes
Frontier installations, watchtowers, and fortlets
Watchtowers in everyday life
Limes crossing points
Fortlets
Forts and troops
The legions
Alae and cohorts
Numeri
Fort vici
Recruits and veterans
Prospects
Notes
References
D. An integrated economy
Chapter 8: Roman Pottery Research in Germany
Development and current state
Terra sigillata
Rheinzabern
Trier
Swabian production centres (Nürtingen, Waiblingen, Stuttgart-Kräherwald)
Haltern
Coarseware
Hofheim
Niederbieber/Weißenthurm
Alzey
Schwabmünchen
Wimpfen
Heidelberg
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
Heldenbergen
Altenstadt
Trier Kaiserthermen
Neuss
Walheim
Wetterau
Mainz
Groß-Gerau
Cologne
Scientific study of Roman ceramics: the development of analyses and evaluation methods
Summary
References
Chapter 9: Coinage and Money in the Roman Rhineland
The first Roman coins
Iron Age coins in the military sphere
The clades variana
Delayed supply?
Imitations, coin supply, and traditions of coin use
Stability
Silver in the early empire
Dating the construction of the ‘Upper German–Raetian limes’
Septimius Severus, military pay, and Germania Magna
Decentralization . . .
. . . and decline?
Imitations: ‘bad’ money?
Recovery in the fourth century
Abbreviations
References
Suggested reading
E. Constituting Provincial Identity
Chapter 10: Religion, Cult, and Burial Customs in the German Provinces
Introduction
Religion
The phase of conquest
Consolidation of Roman rule
Intensive ‘Romanization’
Resolution and transformation
Cult and ritual: identifying a ritual context
Magical practice, superstition, amulets, and curse tablets
Burial customs
Special burials
References
Suggested reading
Chapter 11: Writing and Literacy/Illiteracy
Literacy and Roman society
Rome and Italy
The Roman provinces
Pre-Roman times
Roman Imperial times
Roman schools
Stone inscriptions
Books
Wooden tablets, other small inscriptions, and pictorial representations
The military
Late antiquity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Provincial Art
Introduction: On the concept and meaning of ‘provincial art’
Preservation and survival of the images
The creation of images: producing and commissioning images
Particularities and development of representations
Images as means of communication
The end of images
References
Part III: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POWER
F. Crisis of the third century
Chapter 13: ‘Vi barbarorum absumptam’: A Military History of Roman Germany during the Third Century ad
Introduction
The Severan dynasty
The period between ad 235 and ad 260
The period from ad 260 to the end of the third century ad
Summary
References
Chapter 14: Crisis Research in a Civil Context
Introduction
Recent scholarly approach to the third century
The third century: Basic parameters and main questions of research
Climate and archaeoseismic dynamics
Crisis of identity and loyalty?
Criticism of conventional methods and sources
The archaeological evidence regarding crisis research in the two German provinces
Upper Germany
Pressure, measures, and retreat in the first half of the third century
The gradual abandonment of the agri decumates and its aftermath
Central places on the Rhine
Details of events: Augst as a case study
Overcoming the crisis in the late third century
Hilltop settlements
Lower Germany
Economic aspects
Summary
References
G. Germani and Rome
Chapter 15: The Germani and the German Provinces of Rome
Introduction
Settlement and building structures among the German populations of the limes
Import-export, or the Romano-Germanic exchange of goods as the basis of economic interaction
The development of Germanic elites, or between adaptation and resistance
The militarization of Germanic society, or from asymmetric to symmetric warfare
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Roman Cultural Influence in Western Germania Magna
Introduction
Import/export
Goods
Infrastructure
Legal settings
Intangible imports
Techniques
Personal dress and appearance
Group activities
Religion and rites
Architecture and infrastructure
Structures of production and trade
Traditions
Synthesis
References
Chapter 17: Transformations in the Roman West: The Case of the Alamanni
Introduction
The third century
Developments during the later third and fourth centuries
The time around ad 400 and the first half of the fifth century
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
H. After rome
Chapter 18: The Transformation into the Early Middle Ages (Fourth to Eighth Centuries)
Introduction
Traditional narratives and archaeological sources
From empire to post-imperial Barbarian kingdoms: Alamanni, Franci, and Burgundi
The state of archaeological research
After the ethnic paradigm: methodological developments in late antique and early medieval archaeology
The emergence of the early medieval furnished burial
Late antique weapon burials
High-status burials of the first half of the fifth century
Origins of the row-grave cemeteries
The transformation of towns
The towns of Germania Secunda
The towns of Germania Prima
The towns of Maxima Sequanorum
From villa to village: the transformation of landscape/rural settlements
References
Chapter 19: Reception and History of Research in the Roman Provinces of Germany
Introduction
History of research
Creation of legends in the Middle Ages
Rebirth of the ancient world in the Renaissance
The Roman Germany of the antiquarians and the beginnings of limes research
Early science and civic societies
The emergence of modern organized science
The Römlinge at the time of National Socialism
Academic recognition
Current research: dissertations and externally funded projects
Current research: topics since 1999
Critique and prospects
References
Part IV: EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVES AND FINAL THOUGHTS
I . The foreign commearies
Chapter 20: The Archaeology of Roman Germany: A Dutch Perspective
Introduction
An under-theorized, empiricist archaeology?
Major fieldwork projects in Germania Magna
Ethnicity and material culture
Towards an integrated approach to the archaeology of the Roman countryside
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Roman Germania? What Germania?
References
Chapter 22: Germanies, Britains, and the Roman World
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23: Roman Germany and provincial archaeology: The North American Perspective
Introduction
Classical archaeology in North American education
Classics subject matter and the place of Roman Germany in North American research
The language barrier
Methodological approaches: provincial and classical archaeology
Future challenges
Notes
References
J . Final word
Chapter 24: Concluding remarks on the Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany
References
Index