دانلود کتاب The Psychology of Poverty Alleviation: Challenges in Developing Countries

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Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Contents Lis of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Part I Introduction 1 The Challenges of Conflict-Sensitive Poverty Alleviation The Promise - and Limitations - of Social Psychology How People Shape Poverty Alleviation Policies What Pro-Poor Policies Require Poverty Alleviation Policies and Programs Where Does Income Distribution Come In? Poverty Alleviation Initiatives and the Implications for Destructive Conflict Physical Destruction/Violence Policy Conflict Economic Withdrawal Focusing on Policy Adoption and Defense of Existing Pro-Poor Policies Cases Preview of the Chapters 2 Political Economy Considerations Introduction Economic Growth of the Poor and the Prosperous Growth and Distributional Dynamics Destructive Conflict and Growth The Political Economy of Growth and Stability The Damage due to Economic Volatility ''Hollow'' Growth, ''Hollow'' Democracy, Institutions, and Organizing Persistence of ''Winners''? Organizing and Mutual Adjustment Taxation The Trends in the Featured Cases Economic Growth Trends Poverty Trends Income-Distribution Trends Intrastate Regional Distribution Tax Effort Part II The Underlying Psychology 3 Identity, Attributions, Deservingness Judgments, and Hostility Introduction Some Simple Definitions and Concepts of Identity Defining Group Membership Defining Membership Meaning Emotive vs. Non-emotive Identifications Ascriptive vs. Non-ascriptive Identifications Continuum of Degrees of Boundedness Dimensions of Economic Bases of Identification Overlap of Wealth and Other Dimensions of Identification Theories of the Formation of Identifications Formation of Attitude-Based Identifications Plasticity of Identifications Ingroup Influences on Individual's Attributions Moods, Crises, and Identities Identifications and Pro-Poor Predispositions Bases of Attributions Ethnic Stereotypes Consequences of Enhancing Ingroup Esteem Attribution Biases Attributions of Policy Characteristics and Success Judgments of Deservingness Criteria for Judging Deservingness High Need High Want Helplessness Current Discrimination Rights Past Discrimination (''Reparations'') Righteousness Diligence and Blamelessness for Poverty Potential for Improvement Ingroup Priority Deservingness in the Context of Aggressive Poor Caveats Concerning Deservingness Empathy Part III Lessons from Pro-Poor Policy Instruments 4 Conditional Cash Transfers Background Brazil Mexico Brazil, Mexico, and Deservingness 5 Social-Sector Spending Targeting the Poor General Background Bias in Existing Social-Service Spending Education Healthcare Protection from Employment Disruptions Budget and Administrative Dynamics Argentina: Populism and Polarization Background The Transformation of Key Identities Urban and Rural Marginality Brazil Mood Shifts in Brazil 6 Pro-Poor Subsidies and the Problem of Leakage General Background on Subsidies and Leakage Reducing Subsidy Leakage Subsidized LPG in India Subsidized Grains in India Colombia's Residency-Based Subsidies School Vouchers Thai Health Care 7 Affirmative Action General Background India's Reservation System The ''Creamy Layer'': Relatively Prosperous Indian Jatis As ''Other Backward Classes'' Exception to Social Identity Theory? Ambiguity of Deservingness Criteria Reform Efforts Still Neglected Brazil's Afro-Brazilian Affirmative Action Conclusion: Racism Repressed Malaysia Background Consequences Economic Trajectory Sociopolitical Relations Sri Lanka Affirmative Action at Its Most Destructive Background Growing Ethnic Polarization Problematic Deservingness Need Rights Reparations Superior Rectitude Psychology of Mobilization Affirmative Action Insights Regarding Social Identity and Self-Categorization 8 Regional Development Targeting the Poorest Areas General Background of the Logic of Pro-Poor Regional Development Thailand Background The Multiple Bases of Resentment in Isaan How Isaanese Identity Became So Salient Grievance-Based Identity and Attribution of Responsibility for Isaan's Poverty Part IV Overcoming Obstacles in the Policy Process 9 How the Wealthy React to Pro-Poor-Labeled Initiatives Bases of Resistance to Pro-Poor Initiatives despite Pro-Poor Predispositions Doubt Regarding the Sincerity of the Leaders Fear of Unacceptable Deprivation due to the Proposed Initiative Fear of Unacceptable Deprivation due to Future Policies Enabled by the Current Initiative Concern over Inappropriate Recipients Preference for Other Pro-Poor Initiatives Agent's Commitment to Represent Non-Poor Interests Rather than Preferences Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Pro-Poor Initiatives and Reduce Destructive Conflict Overcoming Policy Process Malfunctions Intelligence Function Promotion Function Prescription Function Invocation Function Application Function Termination Function Appraisal Function Appeals Based on Psychodynamic Insights 10 Lessons and Conclusions The Psychology of Instrument Selection Subsidizing for the Sake of the Poor Affirmative Action Programs Cash Transfers Social-Sector Spending Targeting the Poor Regional Development Targeting the Poorest Areas Mapping the Approaches to Conflict-Sensitive Poverty Alleviation Recommendations Fundamental Recommendations for Growth and Poverty Alleviation Recommendations to Promote Altruistic Predispositions Gathering and Publicizing Evidence Redefining Norms Selecting Pro-Poor Programs to Enhance Deservingness Judgments Inducing Pro-Poor Engagement Engaging the Poor in Responsible Activities Recommendations to Reduce Skepticism toward Sound Pro-Poor Policies Gathering and Publicizing Evidence Pilot Programs Hands-Tying Linking the Initiative's Success to the Leaders' Success Diagnosing and Addressing Decision-Process Malfunctions Recommendations to Reduce the Potential for Destructive Conflict Gathering and Publicizing Evidence Broad Participation in Policymaking Final Thoughts References Index