دانلود کتاب The Psychology of Quality of Life: Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health

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Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Author Part I: Introduction Chapter 1: Philosophical Foundations, Definitions, and Measures of Wellbeing 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Happiness Is Both a Philosophical and Psychological Concept 1.3 Happiness as a Strong and Universal Motive 1.4 Bentham Versus Aristotle 1.5 Three Philosophical Views of Happiness 1.5.1 Psychological Happiness (Hedonic Or Emotional Wellbeing) 1.5.2 Psychological Happiness as Positive and Negative Affect 1.5.2.1 Psychological Happiness as Hedonic Sensations of Momentary Pleasures 1.5.2.2 Psychological Happiness as Neuronal Chemical Release of Dopamine in the Brain 1.5.2.3 Psychological Happiness as Utility 1.5.2.4 Psychological Happiness as Emotional Wellbeing 1.5.3 Prudential Happiness (Life Satisfaction Or the Cognitive Component of Subjective Wellbeing) 1.5.3.1 Prudential Happiness as Life Satisfaction 1.5.3.2 Prudential Happiness as Domain Satisfaction 1.5.3.3 Prudential Happiness as Flow and Engagement 1.5.3.4 Prudential Happiness as Desire Satisfaction 1.5.3.5 Prudential Happiness as Attitudinal Pleasure 1.5.4 Perfectionist Happiness (Eudaimonia or Psychological Wellbeing) 1.5.4.1 Perfectionist Happiness as Eudaimonia 1.5.4.2 Perfectionist Happiness as Purpose and Meaning in Life 1.5.4.3 Perfectionist Happiness as Positive Mental Health Or Flourishing 1.5.4.4 Perfectionist Happiness as Satisfaction of the Full Spectrum of Human Needs (Basic and Growth Needs) 1.5.4.5 Perfectionist Happiness as Wisdom 1.5.4.6 Perfectionist Happiness as Resilience 1.5.4.7 Perfectionist Happiness as Functional Wellbeing 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Further Distinctions Among Major Concepts of Wellbeing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Subjective Versus Objective Aspects of Quality of Life 2.3 Inputs Versus Outcomes of Quality of Life 2.4 Inner Versus Outer Aspects of Quality of Life 2.5 Happiness Versus Life Satisfaction 2.6 Subjective Wellbeing as an Umbrella Concept 2.6.1 Cognitive Versus Affective 2.6.2 Positive Versus Negative 2.6.3 Short Term Versus Long Term 2.7 Subjective Wellbeing Versus Eudaimonia 2.8 Subjective Wellbeing Versus Psychological Wellbeing 2.9 Hedonic Wellbeing Versus Eudaimonic Wellbeing 2.10 An Ontological Model of Wellbeing 2.11 A Structural Model of Wellbeing and Illbeing 2.12 A Hierarchical Model of Wellbeing and Illbeing 2.13 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Positive Outcomes of Wellbeing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Wellbeing Effects on Health 3.2.1 Life Expectancy and Longevity 3.2.2 Physical Deteriorations and Morbidity 3.2.3 Recovery from Illness 3.2.4 Perception of Pain and Reactivity to Stress 3.2.5 Cardiovascular Disease 3.2.6 The Immune System 3.2.7 Summary 3.3 Wellbeing Effects on Achievement and Work 3.3.1 Productivity and Job Performance 3.3.2 Organizational Citizenship 3.3.3 Creative Thinking, Problem Solving, Wisdom, and Professional Achievement 3.3.4 Long-Term Financial Achievement and Success 3.3.5 Absenteeism, Tardiness, Turnover, and Accident Rates 3.3.6 Cooperativeness and Interpersonal Conflict 3.3.7 Customer Satisfaction and Organizational Profitability 3.3.8 Summary 3.4 Wellbeing Effects on Social Relationships, Prosocial Behavior, Trust, and Future Happiness 3.5 How Much Happiness Is Optimal? 3.6 Happiness Is Adaptive 3.7 How About Illbeing? 3.8 Conclusion References Part II: Objective Reality and Effects on Wellbeing References Chapter 4: Effects of Technological, Economic, Political, and Socio-Cultural Factors on Wellbeing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Technological Effects on Wellbeing 4.2.1 Complimentary Processes 4.2.2 Interference Processes 4.2.3 Moderating Effects 4.3 Economic Effects on Wellbeing 4.3.1 Economic Fluctuations 4.3.2 Market Openness 4.3.3 Income Inequality 4.3.4 Unemployment 4.3.5 Inflation 4.3.6 Welfare System 4.3.7 Labor Unions 4.4 Political Effects on Wellbeing 4.4.1 Democratic Governance 4.4.2 Economic and Political Freedoms 4.4.3 Participatory Democracy 4.4.4 Good Governance 4.4.5 War 4.5 Socio-Cultural Effects on Wellbeing 4.5.1 Social Quality 4.5.2 Social Capital 4.5.3 Cultural Values 4.5.4 Social Change 4.5.5 Pace of Life 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Effects of Resources (Time, Money, Income, and Wealth) on Wellbeing 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of Time on Wellbeing 5.2.1 What Activities People Spend Time Produce the Greatest Happiness? 5.2.2 How Savoring Time Can Produce Happiness? 5.2.3 How People Extract Meaning from Time? 5.3 Effects of Money on Wellbeing 5.3.1 Spending Money on What? 5.3.2 Effects of Time versus Money 5.4 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing 5.4.1 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: Individual Level and Short-Term 5.4.2 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: Individual Level and Long-Term 5.4.3 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: National Level and Short-Term 5.4.4 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: National Level and Long-Term 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Effects of Demographic Factors on Wellbeing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Effects of Age 6.2.1 Wellbeing in Infancy 6.2.2 Wellbeing in Childhood 6.2.3 Wellbeing in Adolescence 6.2.4 Wellbeing in Early Adulthood 6.2.5 Wellbeing in Middle Adulthood 6.2.6 Wellbeing in Late Adulthood 6.3 Effects of Gender 6.3.1 Moderating Effects 6.3.2 Theoretical Viewpoints 6.4 Effects of Marital Status, Family Composition, and Family Life Cycle 6.4.1 Marriage 6.4.2 Having Children (Parenthood) 6.4.3 Divorce and Widowhood 6.4.4 Cohabitation 6.4.5 Adoptive and Blended Families 6.4.6 Same-Sex Marriage and Partnerships 6.4.7 Moderator Effects 6.5 Effects of Ethnicity and Minority Status 6.5.1 Racial-Ethnic Discrimination 6.5.2 Racial-Ethnic Identity 6.5.3 Acculturation and Enculturation 6.5.4 Racial and Ethnic Socialization 6.6 Effects of Education 6.7 Effects of Other Demographic Variables 6.8 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Effects of Personal and Consumption Activities on Wellbeing 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theories Related to Personal Activities 7.2.1 Classical Conditioning 7.2.2 Activity Theory 7.2.3 Flow 7.2.4 Personal Expressiveness 7.2.5 Self-Determination 7.3 Effects of Specific Personal Activities 7.3.1 Physical Activities 7.3.2 Social Activities 7.3.3 Leisure and Recreation Activities 7.3.4 Spiritual and Community Activities 7.3.5 Consumption Activities 7.3.5.1 Pattern of Consumption 7.3.5.2 Procedure of Consumption 7.3.5.3 Match Between the Choice Phase and the Consumption Phase 7.3.5.4 Type of Consumption 7.3.5.5 Other Factors in Consumption 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Effects of Biology, Drugs, Life Events, and the Environment on Wellbeing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Effects of Biology 8.2.1 Genes 8.2.2 Hormones 8.2.3 Stress, Anxiety, and Depression 8.2.4 Food, Sex, and Drugs 8.2.5 Diet Quality 8.2.6 Sleep 8.2.7 Physical Exercise 8.2.8 Obesity 8.2.9 Body Image 8.2.10 Diurnal Preference and Day of the Week 8.3 Effects of Health 8.3.1 Physical Health 8.3.2 Mental Health 8.3.3 How Does Health Impact Wellbeing? 8.4 Effects of Drugs and Substance Abuse 8.4.1 Drugs and Our Understanding of Neurochemicals 8.4.2 Drugs and Our Understanding of the Brain Reward Center 8.5 Effects of Life Events 8.5.1 Facilitating Adaptation to Negative Events 8.5.2 Mitigating Adaptation to Positive Events 8.6 Effects of the Physical Environment 8.6.1 Seasonal Variation, Climate, and Weather 8.6.2 The Natural Environment 8.6.3 Environmental Pathogens 8.6.4 Resource Scarcity 8.7 Conclusion References Part III: Subjective Reality and Effects on Wellbeing References Chapter 9: Effects of Personality on Wellbeing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Which Personality Traits Influence Wellbeing? 9.2.1 Neuroticism and Extraversion 9.2.2 Self-esteem 9.2.3 Affective Disposition 9.2.4 Character Strengths 9.2.5 Other Personality Traits 9.3 Theories Explaining How Personality Influences Wellbeing 9.3.1 Instrumental Theory and Temperament Theory 9.3.2 Top-Down Theory 9.3.3 Set-Point Theory 9.3.4 Genotype Theory of Happiness 9.3.5 Dynamic Equilibrium Theory 9.3.6 Homeostatically-Protected Mood Theory 9.4 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Effects of Affect and Cognition on Wellbeing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mood 10.3 Causal Attribution 10.3.1 Attribution Theory of Happiness 10.3.2 Attribution Theory of Depression 10.4 Appraisals 10.4.1 Rational-Emotive Psychotherapy 10.5 Meaning to Life 10.5.1 Theory of Personal Meaning 10.5.2 Meaning-Based Positive Psychology Interventions 10.6 Habituation 10.7 Cognitive Frames 10.7.1 Multiple Discrepancies Theory 10.7.2 Congruity Theory of Life Satisfaction 10.8 Cognitive Outlooks 10.8.1 Mindfulness 10.8.2 Gratitude 10.8.3 Optimism 10.8.4 Self-Esteem 10.8.5 Autonomy, Locus of Control, Competence, and Connectedness 10.8.6 Attributional Style 10.8.7 Ruminative Style 10.8.8 Strengths 10.9 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Effects of Beliefs and Values on Wellbeing 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Effects of Generalized Beliefs on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life 11.2.1 Effects of Positive Views 11.2.2 Effects of Trust 11.2.3 Effects of Forgiveness and Gratitude 11.2.4 Effects of Political Persuasion 11.2.5 Effects of Religious Beliefs 11.2.6 Effects of Social Axioms 11.3 Effects of Personal Values on Wellbeing 11.4 Research Related to the Schwartz Values 11.4.1 Direct Association 11.4.2 Match between Personal Values and the Cultural Environment 11.4.3 Attaining Valued Goals 11.5 Research Related to Specific Values 11.5.1 Effects of Individualism-Collectivism Orientation 11.5.2 Effects of Secularism 11.5.3 Effects of Materialism 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Effects of Needs and Need Satisfaction on Wellbeing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Concepts and Theories 12.2.1 Needs for Having, Loving, and Being 12.2.2 Needs for Being, Belonging, and Becoming 12.2.3 Physical, Social, and Self-Actualization Needs 12.2.4 Max Neef´s Theory of Human Scale Development (HSD) 12.2.5 The Need for Self-determination (Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness) 12.2.6 The Needs for a Pleasant Life, an Engaged Life, and a Meaningful Life 12.2.7 The PERMA Model 12.2.8 The Human Need for Flourishing 12.2.9 The Need for a Life Purpose 12.2.10 A Hierarchy of Unsatisfied Needs 12.2.11 Fundamental Motives and Life History 12.3 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Effects of Goals on Wellbeing 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Goal Valence 13.2.1 Effects of Meaningful Goals 13.2.2 Effects of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Goals 13.2.3 Effects of Abstract Versus Concrete Goals 13.2.4 Effects of Hygiene Versus Motivational Goals 13.2.5 Effects of Approach Versus Avoidance Goals 13.2.6 Effects of Goals Related to Deprived Versus Non-deprived Needs 13.2.7 Effects of Autonomous Versus Non-autonomous Goals 13.2.8 Effects of Goals Related to Flow 13.3 Goal Expectancy 13.3.1 Effects of Adaptable Versus Non-adaptable Goals 13.3.2 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent Versus Non-congruent with Cultural Norms 13.3.3 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent versus Non-congruent with Personal Motives 13.3.4 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent Versus Non-congruent with Personal Resources 13.3.5 Effects of Goals That Are Realistic Versus Non-realistic 13.3.6 Effects of Goal Conflict 13.4 Goal Implementation 13.4.1 Effects of Goal Commitment and Persistence 13.4.2 Effects of Concrete Thinking 13.4.3 Other Factors Playing a Role in Goal Implementation 13.5 Goal Progress, Attainment, and Nonattainment 13.5.1 Effects of Recognition of Goal Attainment 13.5.2 Effects of Perceived Goal Progress 13.5.3 Effects of Goal Nonattainment 13.6 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Effects of Self-Concept on Wellbeing 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Self-Concept Theory 14.3 Effects of Various Self-Concept Dimensions 14.3.1 The Ideal Self 14.3.2 The Social Self 14.3.3 The Deserved Self 14.3.4 The Minimum-Needs Self 14.3.5 The Predicted Self 14.3.6 The Competent Self 14.3.7 The Aspired Self 14.3.8 The True Self 14.4 Self-Concept Dynamics 14.4.1 Self-Concept Differentiation versus Integration 14.4.2 Self-Enhancement versus Self-Consistency 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Effects of Social Comparisons on Wellbeing 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Impact of Social Comparisons 15.3 Motivational Sources of Social Comparisons 15.3.1 Self-Enhancement 15.3.1.1 Life Satisfaction 15.3.1.2 Depression and Anxiety 15.3.1.3 Morale 15.3.1.4 Happiness of People in Poor versus Rich Countries 15.3.1.5 Differences in Socio-Economic Status 15.3.1.6 Friendship 15.3.1.7 Satisfaction with Healthcare System 15.3.1.8 Unemployment 15.3.1.9 Crime and Corruption 15.3.1.10 Body Dissatisfaction 15.3.1.11 African Americans 15.3.1.12 Facebook and Social Media 15.3.1.13 COVID-19 and Social Isolation 15.3.2 Self-Improvement 15.3.2.1 Cancer Patients 15.3.2.2 Socio-Economic Status 15.3.2.3 Asian Canadians 15.3.2.4 Self-Esteem and Facebook 15.3.2.5 Self-Esteem and Individualism versus Collectivism 15.3.2.6 Body Satisfaction 15.3.2.7 School Children and Academic Performance 15.3.3 Self-Identification 15.3.3.1 Sports Fans 15.3.3.2 School Status 15.3.3.3 Task Performance 15.3.3.4 Facebook and Social Media 15.4 Conclusion References Part IV: Life Domains and Effects on Wellbeing Chapter 16: Effects of Domain Dynamics on Wellbeing 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Life Experiences Are Segmented in Life Domains 16.3 Life Domain Theories of Wellbeing 16.3.1 Bottom-up Spillover Theory 16.3.2 Horizontal Spillover Theory 16.3.3 Segmentation Theory 16.3.4 Compensation Theory 16.3.5 Balance Theory 16.3.6 Detraction Theory 16.3.7 Role Conflict Theory 16.4 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Work Wellbeing 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What Is Work Wellbeing? 17.2.1 Work Wellbeing as Meaningful Work 17.2.2 Work Wellbeing as an Affective Response toward the Work Environment 17.2.3 Work Wellbeing as Ratio of Positive and Negative Affect Experienced at Work 17.2.4 Work Wellbeing as Need Satisfaction through Organizational Resources 17.2.5 Work Wellbeing as Satisfaction in Work Life 17.2.6 Work Wellbeing Is a Component of the Broader Employee Wellbeing Concept 17.2.7 Job-Specific Wellbeing and Context-Free Wellbeing 17.2.8 The European Commission Definition of Quality of Work 17.3 How Does Work Wellbeing Contribute to Positive Mental Health? 17.3.1 Domain Satisfaction Theories 17.3.2 Role Theories 17.3.3 Resource Theories 17.3.4 Ego-Involvement Theories 17.3.5 Human Development Theories 17.3.6 Goal Theories 17.4 What Are Other Consequences of Work Wellbeing? 17.5 What Are the Preditors of Work Wellbeing? 17.5.1 The Work Environment 17.5.2 Employee Characteristics 17.5.3 Work-Related Behaviors 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Residential Wellbeing 18.1 Introduction 18.2 What is Residential Wellbeing? 18.2.1 Gap between Actual and Desired Housing and Neighborhood Conditions 18.2.2 Residents´ Attitude toward their Living Space 18.2.3 Resident´s Feelings of Gratification from Living in a Specific Place 18.2.4 Residents´ Feelings of Satisfaction with the Community at Large 18.2.5 Residents´ Perceptions/Evaluations/Satisfaction of Community Amenities/Services/Conditions 18.2.6 Perceptions and Evaluations of the Community by Planners 18.2.7 Community Pride 18.2.8 Satisfaction with Dwelling Features 18.2.9 Domain Satisfaction 18.3 Does Residential Wellbeing Play a Significant Role in the Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life? 18.4 Factors Affecting Residential Wellbeing 18.4.1 Institutional Factors 18.4.2 Social Factors 18.4.3 Environmental Factors 18.4.4 Economic Factors 18.4.5 Geographic Factors 18.5 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Material Wellbeing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 What Is Material Wellbeing? 19.2.1 Evaluation of One´s Financial Situation 19.2.2 Evaluation of One´s Standard of Living 19.2.3 Feelings of Financial Security 19.2.4 Objective Indicators of Economic Wellbeing 19.2.5 Consumers´ Feelings about Major Goods and Services 19.2.6 Satisfaction with Acquisition of Consumer Goods/Services and Possession of Major Consumer Durables 19.2.7 Satisfaction with Specific Categories of Obtained Goods and Services That Are Purchased through Local Retail Institutio... 19.2.8 Satisfaction with Acquisition, Preparation, Possession, Consumption, Maintenance, and Disposal of Materials Goods 19.3 Effects of Material Wellbeing on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life 19.4 Explaining the Material Wellbeing Effect on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life 19.4.1 Bottom-Up Spillover 19.4.2 Top-Down Spillover 19.4.3 Self-Determination 19.4.4 Cognitive Association 19.5 Predictors of Material Wellbeing and Subjective Aspects of Quality Of Life 19.5.1 Personal Factors 19.5.2 Contextual Factors 19.6 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing 20.1 Introduction 20.2 What Is Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing? 20.2.1 Satisfaction with Social Life 20.2.2 Social Adjustment 20.2.3 Social Capital 20.2.4 Social Support 20.2.5 Family Life Quality 20.2.6 Satisfaction with Family Life 20.2.7 Social and Family Functioning 20.2.8 Family Quality of Life 20.2.9 Relationship Happiness, Satisfaction, or Quality 20.2.10 Involvement in and Quality of Romantic Relationship 20.3 Does Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing Contribute Significantly to Positive Mental Health? 20.4 Explaining the Social/Family/Marital Wellbeing Effects on Positive Mental Health 20.4.1 The Need to Belong 20.4.2 Attachment 20.4.3 The Buffering Effect of Family 20.4.4 Bottom-up Spillover 20.4.5 Horizontal Spillover 20.4.6 Compensation 20.4.7 Mattering 20.4.8 The Triangular Theory of Love 20.4.9 Passionate versus Companionate Love 20.5 Effects of Social/Family/Marital Wellbeing on Other Health Outcomes 20.6 Predictors of Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing 20.6.1 Social and Family-related Factors 20.6.2 Individual Difference Factors 20.6.3 Factors Dealing with Conflict between Family and Work 20.6.3.1 Work-Related Variables 20.6.3.2 Individual and Family-Related Variables 20.6.3.3 Institutional Factors 20.6.3.4 Product and Services-Related Variables 20.7 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Health Wellbeing 21.1 Introduction 21.2 What Is Health Wellbeing? 21.2.1 Successful Adjustment to Illness 21.2.2 Good Functional Status 21.2.3 Perceptions of Low Illness Symptoms 21.2.4 Satisfaction with Personal Health 21.2.5 Positive Mood and Affect 21.2.6 Satisfaction with Personal Health and Related Life Domains 21.3 Does Health Wellbeing Contribute Significantly to Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life? 21.4 Explaining the Health Wellbeing Effect on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life 21.4.1 Bottom-Up Spillover Theory 21.4.2 Homeostatic Control Theory 21.5 Predictors of Health Wellbeing 21.5.1 Personal Health Factors 21.5.2 Health Care Factors 21.5.3 Psychographics 21.6 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Leisure Wellbeing 22.1 Introduction 22.2 What IS Leisure Wellbeing? 22.2.1 Satisfaction with Leisure Life 22.2.2 Satisfaction with Important Dimensions of Leisure Life 22.2.3 Perceived Recreation Quality 22.2.4 Satisfaction with Leisure Time 22.2.5 Satisfaction with a Specific Leisure Event 22.3 Does Leisure Well-Being Contribute to Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life? 22.4 Theories Explaining the Link Between Leisure Wellbeing and Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life 22.4.1 Physiology and Genetics 22.4.2 Social Motivation 22.4.3 Effectance Motivation 22.4.4 Intrinsic Motivation and Flow 22.4.5 Telic versus Paratelic States 22.4.6 Sensation Seeking 22.4.7 Activity 22.4.8 Bottom-up Spillover 22.4.9 Benefits 22.4.10 The DRAMMA Model 22.5 Predictors of Leisure Wellbeing 22.5.1 Activity Factors 22.5.2 Time Factors 22.5.3 Individual Differences 22.5.4 Situational Factors 22.5.5 Cultural Factors 22.5.6 Constraints 22.6 Conclusion References Chapter 23: Wellbeing in Other Domains 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Spiritual Wellbeing 23.2.1 What is Spiritual Wellbeing? 23.2.2 Does Spiritual Wellbeing Affect Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life? 23.2.3 Are There Other Consequences to Spiritual Wellbeing? 23.2.4 How Does Spiritual Wellbeing Influence Subjective Wellbeing? 23.2.5 What Are the Determinants of Spiritual Well Being? 23.2.6 Additional Thoughts 23.3 Political and National Wellbeing 23.4 Environmental Wellbeing 23.5 Educational Wellbeing 23.5.1 What is Educational Wellbeing? 23.5.2 What is the Relationship between Educational Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction? 23.5.3 What Are Possible Sources of Educational Wellbeing? 23.6 Sexual Wellbeing 23.6.1 What is Sexual Wellbeing? 23.6.2 How Does Sexual Wellbeing Contribute to Overall Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health? 23.6.3 Contemporary Trends 23.7 Conclusion References Part V: Population Segments and Wellbeing Chapter 24: The Wellbeing of Children and Youth 24.1 Introduction 24.2 How Is the Wellbeing of Children and Youth Conceptualized? 24.2.1 The Wellbeing of Children of Pre-School Age 24.2.2 The Wellbeing of Children of Elementary School Age 24.2.3 The Wellbeing of Children of Middle-School Age 24.2.4 The Wellbeing of Adolescents 24.2.5 The Wellbeing of College Students 24.3 Explaining the Wellbeing of Children and Youth 24.3.1 Social Development Theory 24.3.2 Attachment Theory 24.3.3 Ecological Theory 24.4 Factors Affecting the Wellbeing of Children and Youth 24.4.1 Situational Factors 24.4.2 Personality Factors 24.4.3 Demographic and Psychographic Factors 24.4.4 Social Factors 24.4.5 Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Factors 24.5 Wellbeing Indicators of Children and Youth 24.6 Conclusion References Chapter 25: The Wellbeing of Older Adults 25.1 Introduction 25.2 What Is Quality of Life for Seniors? 25.2.1 Global Judgments of Life Satisfaction 25.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Judgments of Wellbeing 25.2.3 Satisfaction of Salient Life Domains 25.2.4 Satisfaction of Needs Salient to Seniors 25.3 Explaining the Subjective Asspects of Quality of Life of Seniors 25.3.1 Activity Theory 25.3.2 Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory 25.3.3 Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Theory 25.3.4 Continuity Theory 25.3.5 Innovation Theory 25.4 Factors Affecting the Wellbeing of Seniors 25.4.1 Effects of Health-Related Factors 25.4.2 Effects of Personal Values 25.4.3 Effects of Social Factors 25.4.4 Effects of Residential Factors 25.4.5 Effects of Social and Leisure Activities 25.4.6 Effects of Socio-Economic Factors 25.5 Conclusion References Chapter 26: The Wellbeing of Women 26.1 Introduction 26.2 What Is Hedonic Wellbeing, Life Satisfaction, and Eudaimonia for Women? 26.3 Explaining Women´s Wellbeing (vis-à-vis Men´s Wellbeing) 26.3.1 A Biological Explanation 26.3.2 A Psychological Explanation 26.3.3 A Cultural Explanation 26.3.4 A Psychographic Explanation 26.3.5 A Healthcare Explanation 26.3.6 A Socio-economic Explanation 26.3.7 A Social Role Explanation 26.4 What Are the Important Factors That Influence Women´s Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life? 26.4.1 Family and Cultural Factors 26.4.2 Economic and Work-related Factors 26.4.3 Residential Factors 26.4.4 Sexual and Relationship Factors 26.4.5 Health-related Factors 26.4.6 Factors Related to the Feminist Movement 26.5 Conclusion References Chapter 27: The Wellbeing of Geographic Population Segments 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Conceptual Distinctions 27.2.1 Hedonic Versus Eudaimonic Experience 27.2.2 Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Transcendence 27.2.3 Autonomy (Mastery) Versus Interpersonal Harmony 27.2.4 The Importance of Context 27.3 Methodological Problems 27.3.1 Identity: Individualistic versus Collectivistic Cultures 27.3.1.1 Positivity Bias 27.3.1.2 Reference Group Effect 27.3.1.3 Lack of Consistency of Self-concept over Time 27.3.1.4 Extreme Response Tendency 27.3.2 Authority: High vs. Low Power Distance Cultures 27.3.2.1 Locus of Control 27.3.2.2 Upward Social Comparison 27.3.3 Competition: Feminine vs. Masculine Cultures 27.3.4 Risk: High- vs. Low-Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures 27.3.5 Time Span: Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation 27.3.6 Status: Achievement vs. Ascription Cultures 27.4 Comparative Analysis 27.4.1 Comparative Analysis among Countries 27.4.2 Explaining Geographic Variations 27.5 Wellbeing of Specific World Regions 27.5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 27.5.2 Latin America 27.5.3 North America 27.5.4 East Asia 27.5.5 South Asia 27.5.6 Southeast Asia 27.5.7 Europe 27.5.8 Oceania 27.5.9 Successor States of the Former Soviet Union 27.5.10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 27.6 Country-Specific Wellbeing 27.6.1 South Africa 27.6.2 China 27.6.3 Japan 27.6.4 South Korea 27.6.5 Hong Kong 27.6.6 Singapore 27.6.7 Taiwan 27.7 Conclusion References Chapter 28: The Wellbeing of Specialty Population Segments 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Wellbeing of the Mentally Ill 28.2.1 Positive Emotions 28.2.2 Meaning and Purpose in Life 28.2.3 Life Satisfaction 28.3 The Wellbeing of the Disabled 28.4 The Wellbeing of Drug Addicts 28.5 The Wellbeing of Sexual Minorities 28.6 The Wellbeing of Sex Workers 28.7 The Wellbeing of Emergency Personnel and Healthcare Service Providers 28.8 The Wellbeing of Immigrants and Refugees 28.9 The Wellbeing of Teachers 28.10 The Wellbeing of Caregivers 28.11 The Wellbeing of Tourists 28.12 The Wellbeing of Residents of Tourism Communities 28.13 Conclusion References Part VI: Epilogue Chapter 29: Integrative Models of Wellbeing 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Livability Theory 29.3 Capability Theory 29.4 Stocks and Flows 29.5 The Joyless Economy 29.6 Quality of the Person + Environment 29.7 Homeostatically-Protected Mood 29.8 Quality of Life = Happiness, Life Satisfaction, And Absence of Ill-Being 29.9 The Bi-Directional Spillover Model 29.10 The Psychology of Personal Projects and the Social Ecology of Flourishing 29.11 The Psychology of Quality of Life 29.12 Positive Balance: A Hierarchical Perspective 29.13 Conclusion References Chapter 30: Philosophy and Public Policy Issues Related to Wellbeing 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Public Policy Issues 30.2.1 Scholars and Lay People Believe Subjective Wellbeing Is Very Important 30.2.2 Current Indicators Are Incomplete and Insufficient 30.2.3 Subjective Wellbeing Is Beneficial 30.2.4 Indicators of Subjective Wellbeing Are Easy and Inexpensive to Implement 30.2.5 Progress on National Accounts of Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health 30.3 The Need to Broaden Our View 30.3.1 Happiness Maximization Is Not Enough 30.3.2 The Shortfall of Happiness Research at the Country Level 30.3.3 The Need to Conjoin Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life with Objective Conditions 30.3.4 Conjoining Personal Happiness with Objective/Macro-level Indicators of Societal Wellbeing 30.3.5 Wellbeing and Pluralism in Science and Philosophy 30.3.6 Integrating Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives 30.4 Final Thoughts 30.5 Conclusion References Appendix: Wellbeing Measurement Issues Examples of Life Satisfaction Measures Employed in Large-Scale National Surveys The Eurobaromter American Changing Lives The British Household Panel Survey The Canadian General Social Survey The European Social Values Survey The German Socio-Economic Panel Survey The Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey The Hungarian Household Panel Survey The International Social Survey Programme The Latino Barometer The Midlife in the US Survey The National Child Development Survey The National Survey of Families and Households in the US The Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey in the US The Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey The Swedish Level of Living Survey The Swiss Household Panel Survey The US General Social Survey The World Values Survey The Chinese General Social Survey Measurement Caveats Memory Biases Biases Related to Situational Influences Biases Related to Interview or Questionnaire Format Biases Related to Standard of Comparison Biases Related to Scaling Effects Biases Related to Mood Temporal Stability Problems Biases Related to Social Desirability Biases Related to Focal Construct and Stage of Processing In Defense of Self-Reports and Global Measures of Life Satisfaction References Author Index Subject Index