دانلود کتاب The Routledge Handbook of Commodification

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Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
I
II
III
IV
Acknowledgements
INTRODUCTION
Contested markets and commodification studies
Why a Handbook On Commodification Studies?
What Questions Does Commodification Studies Ask?
The Origins of Commodification Studies
The Organization of the Book
Contested Commodities: Theory and Controversy
Contested Commodities of the Past
Contested Commodities of the Present
Political Goods
Commodification and the Body
Commodification and the Environment
Concluding Remarks: Alternative Markets and Market Alternatives
References
Part 1 Commodification Studies: Past and Present
1 Commodification: The Traditional Pro-Market Arguments
Introduction
Liberty, Consent, and Property Rights
Markets, Morality, and Social Cohesion
Markets and Efficiency
Conclusion
Notes
References
2 Classical Anti-Commodification Arguments: Commodification and Fictitious Commodities – Polanyi’s Decisive Contribution
Introduction
Polanyian Institutionalism
The Three Fictitious Commodities
The Necessity of Institutions
Re-commodification and Market Extension
Notes
References
3 Contemporary Anti-Commodification Arguments: Market Failures – Identifying Contested Markets Without Morals? An Analysis of the Externality Argument for Inalienability
Introduction
The Economic Account of Market-Inalienability By Externalities
The So-Called Efficiency of Markets Without Externalities
Restraining the Extent of Externalities
From Market-Inalienability to Commodification as Solutions to Externalities
How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Externality Argument
How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Technological Externality Argument
How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Pecuniary Externality Argument
How Commodification Studies Makes Use of the Moral Externality Argument
Why the Externality Argument for Inalienability Is Insufficient Or Inconsistent
Conclusion: The Need to Build a Stronger Argument Against Commodification By Founding the Concept of Externalities On a Theory of Justice
Notes
References
4 Contemporary Anti-Commodification Arguments: Corruption, Inequality, and Justice
Introduction: Philosophical Anti-Commodification Theory
Corruption Arguments
Ontological Corruption
Normative Corruption
Teleological Corruption
Equality Arguments
Simple Equality/complex Equality
Moral Equality
Democratic Equality
Justice Arguments
Civic Goods
Necessary Goods
Physical Goods
Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Sociology of Moral Contestation of Exchange Institutions
Introduction
Political Economy and Classical Sociology
From Adam Smith to Léon Walras
Émile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Polanyi
Contemporary Sociology
Pragmatic Sociology: Critiques and Compromises
Empirical Research
Decommodification and Contested Economies
Contested Reciprocity
Contested Redistribution
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part 2 A History of Contested Commodities
6 Land: Land as Commodity—A History of a Problem
Introduction
The Traditional Forms of Land Ownership in Non-Capitalist Societies
The Political Value of Land
Enclosure: The Advent of Land Ownership and Commodification
Commodification of Land in the Contemporary Period
Conclusion
Notes
References
7 Usury and Simony: Trading for No Price – Thomas Aquinas On Money Loans, Sacraments and Exchange
Introduction
Prohibition of Usury: The Construction of a Non-Commodified Exchanged Object
Changing the Basis for a Possible Income of the Lender
The Ontological Claim On the Ownership and Use of Money
The Non-Commodification of the Money Loan
Simony: Intermediate Cases of Commodification
A Strong Ontological Prohibition of Sale at a Price
A Lexical Commodification
A Partial Operational Commodification
Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
8 Labour: From Disguised Servitude to Limited Servitude—A History of the Social Incorporation of the Commodification of Work
Introduction
The Denunciation of the Commodity Theory of Labour: Buret, Marx, and Polanyi
The Ambivalence of the Kantian Critique of Wage Subordination
The Genesis of Salaried Employment: Limited Servitude
Conclusion
Notes
References
9 Gambling: Using the Market to Regulate Practices
Introduction
From Prohibition to Monopolies: Moral Arguments and the General Interest
Moral Concerns
Monopolies in the Name of the General Interest
The 1980s–1990s: The Rise of the Gambling Industry
Online Gambling in the European Regulatory Context: New Challenges for the Contested Market
Governing the Gambling Market By Cooling-Down Devices
Gambling Addiction at Stake: Reframing a New Externality
Taxation and Limitation of Marketed Products
The Power of Online Devices
Ten Years After: Privatization and Wider Opening?
Conclusion
Notes
References
10 Insurance
Introduction
What Is Insurance?
Insurance and Commodification
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part 3 Contested Commodities and the State
11 Vote Buying and Campaign Finance
Introduction
Compulsory Voting Versus Paid Voting
Paying People to Vote the Way They Would Vote Anyway
Paying Someone to Vote the Objectively Right Way
The Unwelcome Implications
Institutionalizing Vote Markets
Campaign Finance: Much Ado About Nothing?
Democratic Realism Vs Anti-Commodificationism
Notes
References
12 Health Care
Introduction
Some Preliminary Distinctions
Anti-commodification Arguments I: Distributive Justice
Anti-commodification Arguments II: Corruption
Anti-commodification Arguments III: Efficiency
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
13 Education: Commodification and Schools
Introduction
Background
What Is Commodification and Why Should Anybody Care About It?
Would Complete Commodification Underproduce Educational Goods?
Would Complete Commodification Maldistribute Schooling?
Markets and Commodification in the Real World
The Risks of Complete Non-Commodification
Concluding Comments
Notes
References
14 Security and Prisons
Introduction
Commodification
Commodification and Privatization
Forms of Commodification in the Context of Incarceration
The Relevance of the Racial Dimension of Mass Incarceration
Commodification Arguments Against Private Prisons
Arguments Against Prison Labour
Mass Incarceration and Race
References
15 Cultural Goods: Cultural Commodification and Cultural Appropriation
Introduction
What Are Cultural Goods and Why Do They Matter?
What Is Cultural Appropriation and When Is It Wrong?
Is Cultural Ownership Possible?
Cultural Appropriation, Commodification, and Reconciliation
Notes
References
16 Care Work: Revaluing Care Through Partial Decommodification—In Praise of Unpaid Care From All
Introduction
Definitions
Care, Commodification, and Equality
“Part Time for All”: Restructuring Work and Care
Benefits and Challenges of PTfA (And Decommodified Care)
Concerns, Questions, and Nuances
Benefits
Conclusion: Rethinking Care and Commodification in Light of PTfA
Notes
References
Part 4 The Body and Intimacy as Contested Commodities
17 Human Organs
Introduction
Coercion and Consent
Tiered Consent and Well-Being
Well-being and Reasons for Consent
Conclusion
Notes
References
18 Blood and Plasma: Or, If You’re Such an Altruist, Why Don’t You Sell Your Plasma?
Introduction
Altruism and Community Solidarity
The Price of Priceless Plasma Is Patient Health
Patient Health Matters More
The Altruistic Paid Donor
Encroachment
Community Solidarity
Donor Health, Donor Dignity, and Wrongful Exploitation
Donor Health
Donor Dignity and Wrongful Exploitation
Bump in the Rug
Conclusion
Notes
References
19 Gametes: Commodification and the Fertility Industry
Introduction
Sperm Markets
Egg Markets
The Payment Guidelines
Payment Caps
Enforcement Efforts
Lawsuit and Aftermath
Analysis: Commodification, Undue Influence, Coercion, and Exploitation
Commodification
Undue Influence and Exploitation
Access
Conclusion
Notes
References
20 Contract Sex
Introduction
Decriminalization Without Legalization
Full Vs. Partial Decriminalization
Full Decriminalization With Legalization
Toxic Markets and Special Regulation
Conclusion
Notes
References
21 Surrogacy: The Ethics of Paid Surrogacy
Introduction
Baby Selling and Treating Children as Property
Treating Children as Mere Property
Allocating Children to Families On Purely Commercial Or Financial Grounds
Selling Gestational Services Vs. Selling a Baby
Exploitation and Consent
Norms, Motives, and Degradation
Conclusion
Notes
References
22 Adoption: A Mosaic of Market and Non-Market Elements
Introduction
Adoption as a Contract
Adoption’s Evolution From Relatively Open Market to Masked Commodification
Adoption as “Nothing But” a Market Exchange: “Too Cold”
Adoption and Market Exchange as “Hostile Worlds”: “Too Hot”
“Mosaic” of Markets and Non-Markets in Adoption: “Just Right”
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part 5 Non-Human Nature and Environment as Contested Commodities
23 Natural Capital and Biodiversity: Money, Markets and Offsets
Introduction
Commodification and the Environment
Market Endorsing Positions
Market Sceptical Positions
Commodification, Growth and Environmental Destruction
Commodification, Commensurability and Compensability
Distributional Objections
Deliberative Criticism
Natural Capital, Biodiversity and Offset Markets
Offsets, Accumulation and the Creation of a Perverse Asset Set
Valuation, Compensation and Substitutability
Distributional Objections to Offset Markets
Conclusion
Notes
References
24 Emissions Trading: Commodification of Pollution—From Resistance to Proliferation
Introduction
The Early History of the Idea
The Promotion of Cost Efficiency
The Wider Resistance to the Use of Incentives
The Spread of Cap-And-Trade, in Theory and in Practice
The EPA’s First—and Unexpected—experiment
The Spread of the Idea
The Spread of Emissions Trading in Practice
Conclusion
Notes
References
25 Ecosystems: Ecosystem Services and the Commodification of Nature
Introduction
Ecosystem Services as a Way of Framing Human-Nature Relationships
Conceptualising and Valuing Ecosystem Services
The Turning Point in the World’s Environmental Policy Agenda
Ecosystem Services in Markets and Payment Schemes
Ecosystem Services and Nature Commodification
The Process of Nature Commodification
Degrees of Commodification
Ecosystem Services Institutions and Commodification
Why Is Nature Commodification a Problem?
Ecosystem Services as a Symptom of a Broader Trend?
Nature De-Commodification
Empirical Evidence of De-Commodification Processes
A More Fundamental De-Commodifying Change in Sight?
Conclusions
Notes
References
26 Water: Distributive Justice and the Commodification of Water
Introduction: What, If Anything, Might Be Wrong With the Commodification of Water?
Defining Commodification and the Commodification of Water
The Urgency of the Water Crisis
Six Salient Features of Water as a Distributive Good
Some Key Normative Objections to the Commodification of Water
Prohibition Or Regulation? A Sufficientarian Approach
Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
27 Animals: Ending Cruelty Through Markets
Introduction
Decommodifying Animals
The Benefit of Existence
Early Death as the Price of Existence
Market Failures in the Farm Animal Market
The Animal Welfare Market
Pigovian Taxes
Tax On Meat and Animal Products
Tax On Animal Products
Tax On Suffering
Death Tax
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
28 Seed: Commodification, Decommodification and Commoning
Introduction
Drivers of Seed Commodification
The Biotech Revolution and Patentability
Consolidation in the Global Seed Industry
Public and Private Responses to Market Failures
Responding to Crop Genetic Erosion
Circumventing Intellectual Property Enclosure
Decommodification
Decommodifiying Through Commoning
Longing for Sovereignty
Conclusion
Notes
References
29 Parks and Forests: The Question of the Commons
Introduction: Commodification, Valuation, and the Commons
The Debate Between Garrett Hardin and Elinor Ostrom On the Question of the Commons
On the Proper Use of Forests: The Forestry Controversy of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
National Parks: Public Property Or Common Land?
Conclusion
Notes
References
Index