دانلود کتاب The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Childhood and Children

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of contributors Introduction A burgeoning field The structure and content of the handbook References Part I: Being a child 1. Epistemology: knowledge in childhood Introduction Notions of knowledge in child development What is the nature of children’s knowledge? Children’s learning from others: concepts of knowledge in action Conclusions References 2. Language and communication: evidence from studying children Introduction Knowledge of language Syntax Vocabulary development Abstract concepts Is it possible to learn abstract concepts? Conclusion References 3. The science of the adolescent brain and its cultural implications Introduction State of the science on adolescent brain development The adolescent brain beyond the lab The “teen brain” as a unique brain in popular culture Situating the adolescent brain: historical, social and cultural contexts The historical construction of adolescence Adolescence as a cultural phenomenon The interface of history, culture and neuroscience Conclusions Note References 4. Art and creativity Introduction Little ducks – pedagogy and ontogeny Child art as a creative response to the world Child art as a cipher Child art as a way of seeing Childhood and authenticity The child as artist Distinctions between the art of the adult and the child Notes References 5. Philosophical thinking in childhood Introduction: wondering in childhood Can children do philosophy? Children’s philosophical thinking Epistemic openness The value of philosophy for children Epistemic injustice Conclusion Notes References Part II: Childhood and moral status 6. The moral status of children Introduction What full moral status (FMS) involves Qualifications for full moral status (FMS) Conclusion Notes References 7. The value of childhood Introduction The instrumental value of children Is childhood good for children? Thought experiments Is childhood good for children? Goods and bads of childhood Separate accounts of well-being? Complementarity Conclusion Notes References 8. Children and well-being Introduction Preliminaries Hurdles Children’s well-being Pity the children? Conclusion Notes References 9. Children’s rights Introduction The nature of rights Protection or liberation? Protection versus freedom The right to an open future Distinctive rights of childhood Critiques of children’s rights Conclusion Notes References 10. Childhood and autonomy Introduction What is a child? What is autonomy? Are children autonomous? Why does it matter whether children are autonomous? Conclusion Notes References 11. Paternalism towards children Introduction Paternalism and its components Paternalistic interference with a child Against a child’s will Voluntariness and children: hard and soft paternalism For the good of a child The child’s future autonomy Conclusion Notes References 12. The age of consent Introduction: the magic of consent Age and capacity The weight of consent Medicine, sex, and political legitimacy Sexual consent Medical consent Consent and assent Consent to research Consent and open futures Conclusion Note References Part III: Parents and children 13. Reasons to have children – or not Introduction Skepticism about the debate Commonly cited reasons to have children Evaluating the commonly cited reasons to have children Having more children A virtue ethics approach What about the child? Antinatalism and some criticisms of it Conclusion Notes References 14. The right to parent Introduction Central questions and distinctions Can anyone have a right to parent? The conditions for holding a right to parent in general The grounds of a right to parent a particular child Conclusions Notes References 15. The good parent Introduction Who can be a good parent? Genetic relatedness Sexual orientation and gender How many parents? Parental duties Love Shaping children’ s convictions Limits of paternalism How good must the good parent be? Conclusion Note References 16. Parental partiality Introduction Mechanisms of advantage Impartiality and egalitarian justice Partiality and special duties Tackling advantage Conclusion Notes References 17. The composition of the family Introduction Form and function Are children a necessary ingredient of the family? The role of genetics The relationship between parents Conclusion Notes References 18. Parental licensing and discrimination Introduction The nature of parental licensing The status quo on parental licensing Philosophical positions on licensing and discrimination Arguments in favor of greater licensing Arguments against greater licensing Conclusion Notes References 19. Ethical challenges for adoption regimes Introduction Adoption – a concise characterisation The claim from adoption Adoption regimes: regulating the adoption triad Legitimate expectations in adoptive and procreative parenthood Protecting all children in the adoption process Conclusion Notes References 20. Gender and the family Introduction Children’s gender: transgender, gender variant, intersex, and cisgender children Gender roles and their impact on parents Measures responding to unequally gendered parenting Rigid gender norms and the family Conclusion Note References 21. Filial duties Introduction Definitions and distinctions The gratitude account The friendship account The special goods account “What do we know about our parents?” Conclusion Notes References Part IV: Children in society 22. Childhood and race Introduction The ontology of race Children’s understanding of race Transracial adoption Conclusion References 23. Childhood and disability Introduction Defining disability Who are disabled children? Questions of dependency, vulnerability and agency Children’s disabilities and parental love and care Children and parents’ disabilities Education of children with disabilities The moral status of children with cognitive disabilities Conclusion References 24. Childhood and sexuality Introduction Conceptions of children and childhood sexuality Children’s sexual rights Sexual citizenship for children Sex education Conclusion Notes References 25. Children and animals Introduction A shared social world Towards political inclusion Reimagining the future Conclusion Notes References 26. What’s wrong with child labor? Introduction What’s the harm of child labor? Must children benefit? Is child labor necessarily exploitative? Conclusion Notes References 27. The vulnerable child Introduction The nature of vulnerability and of the specific vulnerability of children How should children’s vulnerability be morally assessed? The child’s relational vulnerability Is the child’s relational vulnerability morally objectionable? Implications and obligations Conclusion Notes References Part V: Children and the state 28. Childhood and the metric of justice Introduction Standard theories of the metric of justice The Agency Assumption Intrinsic goods of childhood and the metric of justice Conclusions References 29. Children and political neutrality Introduction What is political neutrality? Why political neutrality? Should parents or teachers be neutral? Objections to neutral childrearing Conclusion Note References 30. The costs of children Introduction Which costs, and whose interests, are relevant? The case for sharing the costs of children (i): equality The case for sharing the costs of children (ii): fairness Conclusion Notes References 31. Schooling Introduction Challenges for schooling Aims of schooling The challenges reconsidered Conclusion Notes References 32. Children and the care system Introduction The moral and social significance of “taking children into care” Grounds for “taking children into care” The role and reach of the state Social justice and looked-after children Conclusion Notes References 33. Children and health Introduction Embodiment and health Enacting health and illness Situatedness: illness in the family Conclusion Notes References 34. Children and the right to vote Introduction Political competence and the regulatory problem The regulatory problem Democratic participation The democratic people Democratic equality Conclusions Notes References 35. Children, crime and punishment Introduction Children in criminal justice: some themes and examples The philosophy of criminal justice and the philosophy of childhood Criminal justice in the child’s social environment Children in the criminal process Conclusion Notes References 36. Children and war Introduction Children as non-combatants Children as participants in war Conclusion Notes References Index