دانلود کتاب The Running Athlete: A Comprehensive Overview of Running in Different Sports

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Foreword Acknowledgements Contents Introduction Part I: General Aspects 1: Biomechanics of Running 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Definition of Biomechanics 1.1.2 Musculoskeletal System: Passive and Active Structures 1.1.3 Duties of Biomechanics 1.1.4 Running Biomechanical Analysis 1.2 Brief History of Biomechanical Analysis 1.3 Inside the Lab: Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Running 1.3.1 Kinematics 1.3.2 Kinetics 1.3.3 Temporospatial 1.4 Outside the Lab: Wearables and New Technologies 1.4.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 1.4.2 Pressure Insoles 1.4.3 Smartphone Apps 1.5 New Analysis Methods and Future Areas of Research 1.5.1 Finite Element Analysis 1.5.2 Machine Learning 1.6 Conclusions References 2: Physiology of Running: Sprint and Short Distances 2.1 Introduction 2.2 What Are the Main Energy Source of Sprint Running? 2.3 What Is the Part of Energy in the Determinants of Sprint Running Performance? 2.4 What Is the Energy Cost of Sprint Running? 2.5 Conclusions References 3: Training Principles 3.1 Training Concept 3.2 Changes Induced by Training 3.3 Training Methods and Physiological Effects Related 3.3.1 Aerobic Endurance Training 3.3.2 Aerobic Power Training 3.3.2.1 Lactacid Resistance Training 3.3.2.2 Lactacid Capacity Training 3.3.2.3 Lactacid Power Training 3.3.3 Speed Training 3.3.4 Resistance Training Using Uphill Running 3.3.5 Hill Running as a Training Strategy References 4: Nutrition for Track Running and Ultra-Running: Practical Recommendations 4.1 Nutrition Requirements in Track Running 4.2 Nutrition in Ultra-Running 4.3 The Preparation 4.3.1 Seven Days Before the Race: Saturating Muscle Glycogen Stores 4.4 The Race 4.4.1 Two Goals: (1) Facilitate Athletic Performance and (2) Prevent or Limiting Gut Problems During the Race 4.4.2 Why to Adopt a Hydration Strategy? 4.4.3 How to Measure Out the Exercise Drink’s Powder? 4.5 The Recovery 4.5.1 Two Goals: (1) Countering the Effects of Dehydration. (2) Fill the Glycogen Stores Emptied by the Effort of the Race References 5: Age and Running: Children and Adolescents, Elder People 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Role of Aerobic Metabolism in Running 5.3 Running Performance at the Age Range 5.4 Children and Adolescents 5.5 Elderly Runner 5.6 Biomechanical Changes of Aging in Running Performance 5.7 “Forrest Gump Runner’s Behavior” Syndrome [1] 5.7.1 An Irrational Impulse for Body Performance or Aesthetics 5.7.2 Injury and Prevention References 6: Sex Differences Between Women and Men in Running 6.1 Sex Difference in Participation in Running Races 6.2 Performance Difference Between Women and Men 6.3 Age of Peak Running Performance 6.4 Pacing in Running 6.5 Specific Physiological Differences 6.6 Mental Fatigue 6.7 Nutritional Aspects 6.8 Medical Aspects 6.9 The Aspect of Nationality 6.10 Motivational Aspects References 7: Running and Metabolic Diseases 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Concept of Metabolic Disease 7.2.1 What Is a Metabolic Disorder or Disease? 7.3 Health Benefits of Running. General Aspects 7.4 Cardiometabolic Risk 7.5 Myokines and Exercise: Role of Myokines in the Regulation of Metabolism and Metabolic Health 7.6 Metabolic Syndrome 7.6.1 How Is the Diagnosis Made? 7.7 Benefits of Running in some Metabolic Diseases 7.7.1 Obesity 7.7.2 Dyslipidaemia 7.7.3 Type 2 Diabetes References 8: Running Activities in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Home Training Due to Home Confinement 8.3 Return to Training and Competition After Home Confinement 8.4 Training and Competition After COVID-19 Infection 8.5 Training and Competition with Mask 8.6 Other Important Measures to Be Taken into Account While Exercising During COVID-19 Pandemic References 9: Shoes for Running 9.1 Running Shoes: Main Characteristics and Their Evolution 9.1.1 History 9.1.2 Main Technical Characteristics (Fig. 9.2) 9.2 Non-spiked Running Shoes 9.2.1 Road Running 9.2.1.1 Cushioned or Regular Shoes 9.2.1.2 Minimalist Shoes 9.2.1.3 Adherence on the Road 9.2.2 Mountain and Trail Running 9.3 Spiked Running Shoes 9.3.1 Track Running Shoes 9.3.2 Cross Country Shoes 9.3.3 Different Types of Spikes 9.3.4 Spiked Shoes to Run… and Jump 9.4 Running Shoes and Injuries 9.5 Running Shoes and Performance 9.5.1 World Records 9.5.2 What Science Says 9.6 Running Shoe Rules 9.7 Running and Foot Orthosis 9.7.1 Running Economy and Performance 9.7.2 Patellofemoral Pain 9.7.3 Other Pathologies 9.8 Trends and Perspectives 9.8.1 The Technological Path 9.8.2 The (Almost) Self-sufficient Path References 10: Wearable Tech for Long-Distance Runners 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Heart Rate Monitors 10.3 Running Parameters 10.4 Other Physiological Parameters 10.4.1 Respiratory Rate 10.4.2 Electrodermal Activity and Sweat 10.4.3 Glucose 10.5 Environmental Parameters 10.6 Smartphone Apps 10.7 Future Trends 10.7.1 Transcutaneous Partial Pressure of CO2 10.7.2 Environmental Pollution and Air Quality 10.8 Conclusions References 11: Return to Running After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Demands of Running 11.3 Criteria to Return to Running After ACLR 11.3.1 Joint Homeostasis 11.3.2 Knee Mobility 11.3.3 Gait Biomechanics 11.3.4 Strength 11.3.5 Functional Outcomes 11.4 Return to Running Progression 11.4.1 Pain (Knee Homeostasis): Absent or Minimal Pain on a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) 11.4.2 Effusion (Knee Homeostasis): Zero or Trace Effusion [4] with Minimal Activity Related Effusion (<1 cm Change Patella) 11.4.3 Knee Extension and Flexion (Mobility): Straight Knee (0°) or Equal to the Other Side and Knee Flexion ≥120°/130° 11.4.4 Walking Biomechanics: Walking on a Treadmill for At Least 10 min Without Pain or Swelling [12] and With Optimal Biomechanics 11.4.5 Quadriceps Muscle Strength: Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) >70% on Isokinetic/Isometric Test for Quadriceps Strength [4, 5] 11.4.6 Hamstrings Muscle Strength: Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) >70% on Isokinetic/Isometric Test for Hamstrings Strength [4, 5] 11.4.7 Calf Strength and Capacity: Greater than 20 Reps and Within 5 Repetitions Versus the Other Side [4] 11.4.8 Glutes Strength and Capacity: Greater than 20 Reps and Within 5 Repetitions Versus the Other Side [4] 11.4.9 Movement Quality: Good Single Leg Squat Movement Assessment 11.4.10 Lumbo-Pelvic, Trunk and Core Stability 11.5 Conclusions References Part II: Specific Aspects 12: Athletics Running Disciplines 12.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Athletics 12.2 Sprint and Short-Distance Running 12.2.1 Technical Aspects 12.2.2 Distribution of the Effort 12.2.2.1 100 m 12.2.2.2 200 m 12.2.2.3 400 m 12.2.3 Speed Training 12.2.4 Common and Uncommon Injuries in Sprint 12.3 Middle- and Long-Distance Running 12.3.1 Specific Considerations About Endurance and Fatigue 12.3.2 Middle Distances on Track (800 m–1500 m) 12.3.3 Long Distances on Track (5000 m–10,000 m–3000 m Steeple) 12.3.4 Marathon Training 12.3.5 Common and Uncommon Injuries in Middle-Long-Distance Running 12.3.6 Prevention Strategies 12.4 Conclusions References 13: Running in Football 13.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Football 13.1.1 History of Football 13.1.2 Physiological Demands on Players 13.1.3 Run Performance Analysis with GPS 13.1.4 Gait Analysis 13.1.5 Statistical Data of Running in Football 13.2 Training Strategies 13.3 Prevention Strategies References 14: Running in Rugby 14.1 Characteristics of the Sport 14.2 Match, Field of Play and Team Characteristics 14.3 Role and Characteristics of Running in Rugby 14.3.1 Rugby Union 14.3.1.1 Running Patterns Between Positions 14.3.1.2 Running Patterns within Phases of Play 14.3.1.3 Running Patterns of Officials 14.3.2 Rugby League 14.3.2.1 Running Patterns Between Positions 14.4 Sevens 14.5 Training and Prevention Strategies 14.6 Summary References 15: Running in Gymnastics 15.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Gymnastics 15.2 Running Phases in Gymnastics 15.2.1 Amortization Phase (Stabilization): Initial Contact (Stance Phase) 15.2.2 Mid Stance Phase 15.2.3 Toe Off Phase 15.3 Characteristics of Main Injuries 15.3.1 Achilles Tendinopathy 15.3.2 Patello-Femoral Syndrome (PFS) 15.4 Training Strategies References 16: Running in Tumbling 16.1 History of Tumbling [1] 16.2 Role and Characteristics of Running in Tumbling 16.3 Training Strategies 16.4 Types of Tumbling Moves 16.4.1 Flick 16.4.2 Whip Back 16.4.3 Mid Routine Doubles 16.4.4 Final Skill 16.5 Basic Skill to Begin Gymnastics as an Activity (Basic Tumbling Moves) 16.5.1 Roll 16.5.2 Pencil and Log Rolls 16.5.3 Forward Roll 16.5.4 Backward Roll 16.5.5 Cartwheel 16.5.6 Round Off 16.5.7 Bridge 16.6 Other Move Options 16.6.1 Straddle Jump 16.6.2 Front Pike Roll (Somersault) 16.6.3 Gymnastic Injuries 16.7 Prevention Strategies References 17: Running in Basketball 17.1 Roles and Characteristics of Running in Basketball 17.1.1 Movements in Basketball 17.1.2 Activity and Physiological Demand in Basketball 17.1.2.1 Generalities 17.1.2.2 Physical Attributes 17.1.2.3 Distance Covered 17.1.2.4 Number and Frequency of Actions 17.1.2.5 Activity Duration 17.1.2.6 Heart Rate (HR) 17.1.3 Specificities of 3v3 Basketball 17.2 Training Strategies 17.3 Prevention Strategies References 18: Running in Tennis 18.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Tennis 18.2 Training Strategies: Technical Aspect 18.2.1 Starting Position (Split Step) 18.2.2 Lateral Movement Towards the Ball Over Short Distances 18.2.3 Lateral Movement Towards Angled Balls 18.2.4 The Drop Shot and the Lob: Recovering a Ball by Sprinting Forward or Backward 18.2.5 Inside-out Forehand: Movement Towards the Ball 18.2.6 Forward and Backward Movement Towards the Ball within 3 m 18.2.7 Recovery of the Position 18.3 Prevention Strategies References 19: Running in Paddle 19.1 Characteristics of Running in Paddle 19.2 Training Strategies 19.3 Most Frequent Injuries 19.4 Prevention Strategies References 20: Running in Volleyball 20.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Volleyball 20.2 Specificities of Running in Beach Volleyball 20.3 Training Strategies 20.4 Injuries in Volleyball 20.5 Injuries in Beach Volley 20.6 Prevention Strategies 20.7 Specificities of Prevention Strategies in Beach Volleyball References 21: Running in Handball 21.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Handball and Beach Handball 21.2 Training Strategies 21.3 Prevention Strategies for Handball and Beach Handball References 22: Trail Running 22.1 Role and Characteristics of Trail Running 22.1.1 Trail Running Equipment: What Athletes Need to Run? 22.2 Training Strategies 22.3 Prevention Strategies 22.4 Conclusions References 23: Running in Ironman Triathlon 23.1 Preparation for an Ironman Triathlon 23.2 The Aspect of Anthropometry 23.3 Personal Best Marathon Time 23.4 Injuries and Preventive Measures Before and During an Ironman Triathlon 23.5 Metabolic Changes 23.6 Musculoskeletal Changes 23.6.1 Fact Box References 24: Running in Parkour 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Role and Characteristics of Running in Parkour 24.2.1 Characteristics of the Sport in Terms of Performance 24.2.2 The Role of Running in Parkour 24.2.3 Running Training in Parkour 24.2.4 Physiological Characteristics of the Sport 24.2.5 Training Strategies 24.2.6 Programming in Parkour 24.2.7 Prevention Strategies 24.3 Conclusions References 25: Running in Field hockey 25.1 Characteristics of the Sport 25.2 Physiological and Biomechanical Demands 25.3 Running Demands for Different Playing Positions 25.4 Epidemiology and Etiology of Injuries 25.4.1 Epidemiology 25.4.2 Etiology 25.5 Training Strategies 25.6 Medical Team Support 25.7 Specific Rehab and Return to Play 25.8 Prevention Strategies References 26: Running in Cycling 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Pathophysiology and Biomechanics 26.3 Benefits of Running for Cyclists 26.3.1 Bone Density 26.3.2 Increased Cardiovascular, Muscular Strength, and Exercise Tolerance 26.3.3 Psychological Benefits 26.4 Negative Impact of Running on Cyclists 26.5 Running in Different Modes of Cycling 26.5.1 Running for a Road Cyclist 26.5.2 Running for a Mountain Bike Rider 26.5.3 Running for a Cyclo-Cross Rider References 27: Running in Alpine Skiing 27.1 Characteristics of Running and Its Role in Alpine Skiing 27.2 Training Strategies 27.3 Prevention Strategies 27.3.1 Injury and Injury Patterns in Alpine Skiing 27.3.2 Running as a Prevention Tool in Alpine Skiing 27.3.2.1 Interval Training and Long-Distance Run 27.3.2.2 Off-Road Running 27.4 Conclusion for Practice References 28: Running in Kiteboarding 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Sport and the Equipment 28.2.1 Equipment 28.2.2 Styles and Disciplines 28.3 Role and Characteristics of Running in Kiteboarding 28.3.1 Physiological Demands of Kiteboarding 28.3.1.1 Course Racing 28.3.1.2 Freestyle 28.3.2 Main Objectives of Athletic Training 28.3.3 The Role of Running in Training for Kiteboarding 28.4 Training Strategies 28.4.1 Training Strategies for Beginners and Amateurs 28.4.2 Training Strategies for Agonists 28.5 Prevention Strategies 28.6 Conclusions References 29: Running in Sailing 29.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Sailing 29.1.1 Evolution of Physical Performance in Sailing 29.1.2 The Role of Running in Sailing 29.1.3 Running for Beginners and Amateurs 29.1.4 Olympic Classes 29.2 Training Strategies 29.2.1 Periodisation 29.2.2 Training Strategies in Olympic Classes 29.2.2.1 49er Class 29.2.2.2 RSX Sailboards 29.2.2.3 Laser, Finn and 470 29.2.3 Training Strategies to Achieve the Ideal BMI 29.2.4 Training Strategies in Rehabilitation 29.2.5 Training Strategies in the America’s Cup 29.2.6 Training Strategies in Offshore Sailing 29.3 Prevention Strategies 29.4 Conclusions References 30: Running in Rowing 30.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Rowers 30.2 Training Strategies 30.3 Prevention Strategies References 31: Running in Space 31.1 Role and Characteristics of Running in Space 31.2 Training Strategies 31.3 Prevention Strategies References