دانلود کتاب The Shifting Landscape of Global Trade Governance: World Trade Forum

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Cover Half-title page Title page Copyright page Contents Figures Tables Contributors Preface Abbreviations 1 Introduction: Current Challenges and Future Scenarios 1.1 The Rationale for the Volume 1.2 Content of the Book 1.3 Conclusions References PART I New and Old Challenges 2 The Elephant in the Negotiation Room: PTAs through the Eyes of Citizens 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Determinants of Individual Trade Policy Preferences 2.2.1 International Trade Theory and Individual Trade Policy Preferences 2.2.2 The Impact of Non-Economic Factors 2.3 Preferences with Regard to the Design of Preferential Trade Agreements 2.4 Scenarios 2.4.1 Scenario 1: Business as Usual or Following the Trend towards Ever More and Deeper PTAs 2.4.2 Scenario 2: Bilateral PTAs and Tariff Only, Trump’s Favourite 2.4.3 Scenario 3: Return to WTO and Roll Back on PTAs 2.5 Embedding Liberalisation? References 3 Corporate Strategy in Times of Anti-Trade Sentiment: Current Challenges and Future Scenarios 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Understanding the Roots and Multiple Faces of the Anti-Globalization Backlash 3.2.1 Concerns about Negative Impacts of Globalization on Developing Countries 3.2.2 Concerns about the Impact of Globalization on Developed Countries 3.3 Anti-Globalization Sentiments and Corporate Political Activity 3.4 EU Trade-Dependent Firms and the Current Protectionist Threat 3.5 Concluding Remarks and Three Scenarios for the Future 3.5.1 Scenario 1: The Status Quo Scenario 3.5.2 Scenario 2: A Global Trade War with Tit-for-Tat Protectionism 3.5.3 Scenario 3: Protectionism Will Become the New Normal for the Foreseeable Future References 4 Understanding and Shaping Trade Rules for the Digital Era 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Current and Emergent Trends in Disruptive Technologies: The Sweeping Effects of Digitization 4.2.1 Overview and Terminological Remarks 4.2.2 Digital Technologies as GPTs: Characteristics and First Lessons to Be Learned 4.2.3 Digitization 4.2.3.1 Convergence 4.2.3.2 Data and Big Data 4.2.3.3 The Internet of Things 4.3 The Effects of Digitization on Trade 4.3.1 Overview of Developments and Trends 4.3.1.1 Global Value Chains 4.3.1.2 Growing Importance of Services Trade and Servicification 4.3.1.3 Implications for Domestic Regulation 4.3.1.4 New Types of Trade Barriers 4.4 Trade Policy Responses to Digital Transformation 4.4.1 The Existing Regulatory Framework for Digital Trade 4.4.1.1 The World Trade Organization 4.4.1.2 Beyond the WTO: Free-Trade Agreements 4.4.1.3 CPTPP 4.5 Deliberate Responses to the Digital Challenge: An Appraisal of the State of Affairs 4.6 Concluding Remarks References 5 The Need for Better Disciplines on Rules of Origins in the WTO: Evidence from NAFTA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What Are Rules of Origin and Why Do We Have Them? 5.2.1 Rules of Origin Are Used As Protection 5.2.2 Multiplying Rules of Origin 5.2.2.1 When It Comes to Rules of Origin, Stricter Does Not Mean Better 5.2.2.2 Higher Tariffs Lead to Higher NAFTA Utilization, But Stricter Rules of Origin Lower Utilization 5.2.2.3 Rules of Origin Put Small Exporters and Start-ups at a Disadvantage 5.2.2.4 Rules of Origin Constrain the Transport Sector 5.3 Toward a Better System of Rules of Origin References 6 For Whom the Bell Tolls: The WTO’s Third Decade 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Preserving the WTO as a Universal Organization: Variable Geometry as Key 6.3 Relevant Topics 6.4 Fundamental Reform of Trade Remedies Laws: Safeguards to the Rescue? 6.5 Developing Country Classification 6.6 China and Intellectual Property 6.7 Issues Related to the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 6.8 Conclusions References PART II Trade Policy and Trade-Related Concerns 7 Reconceiving Trade Agreements for Social Inclusion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Purposes of the WTO and Trade Agreements 7.3 Main Challenges to the System 7.4 The Rise of Global Supply Chains and the Response of the TPP 7.5 Reconceiving Trade Agreements: Moving beyond the TPP 7.5.1 Organizing Principle 7.5.2 Tax, Trade, and Inequality 7.5.3 Safeguarding Policy Space for Complementary Domestic Social Policies 7.5.3.1 Social Security 7.5.3.2 Job Flexicurity 7.5.3.3 Trade Adjustment Policies 7.5.3.4 Labor Clauses 7.5.4 Reconceiving Negotiations as over Market Access and Policy Space 7.5.4.1 Existing Mechanisms for Ensuring Policy Space 7.5.4.2 Negotiating over Policy Space between the Global North and Global South 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Our Alarming Climate Crisis Demands Border Adjustments Now 8.1 Introduction 8.2 What Is at Stake 8.3 An Illustrative Policy Sketch 8.4 WTO Compatibility 8.5 Administration to Minimize Transaction Costs and Incentivize Decarbonization 8.6 Other Major Objections and Questions 8.7 Too Late for Further Delay References 9 The Multilateralization of PTAs’ Environmental Clauses: Scenarios for the Future? 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Convergence of (Some) PTA Environmental Clauses 9.3 Multilateralization Scenarios 9.3.1 The Routine Scenario 9.3.2 The Consensual Scenario 9.3.3 The Trendy Scenario 9.3.4 The Power Game Scenario 9.3.5 The Appropriate Scenario 9.4 Analyzing the Scenarios 9.4.1 Comparing the Scenarios 9.4.2 Merging the Scenarios: The Common Ground Agreement 9.5 Conclusion References 10 The Trend to More and Stricter Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements 10.1 Introduction 10.2 How to Measure the Design of NTIs in PTAs 10.3 Three Trends to More and Stricter NTIs in PTAs 10.3.1 Broadening the NTI Agenda 10.3.2 Convergence in Commitment Style 10.3.3 The Catch-Up of Developing Countries 10.4 Conclusion 10.4.1 Summary of Trends 10.4.2 Future Research 10.4.3 Likely Future Scenarios References PART III Development Angles 11 The Trade-Migration Nexus from a Multilevel Perspective 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Migration’s Entry onto the Multilateral Trade Agenda 11.3 The Trade-Migration Nexus in Regional Economic Communities 11.3.1 NAFTA 11.3.2 ASEAN 11.3.3 MERCOSUR 11.4 Expanding the Status Quo through Bilateral PTAs 11.4.1 Demandeurs on Mode 4: India and China 11.4.2 Receiving Economies: Japan and South Korea 11.5 Projecting towards 2025 11.5.1 Global Level 11.5.2 Regional Level 11.5.3 Bilateral Level 11.6 Conclusions References List of Interviews 12 TRIPS Implementation in Developing Countries: Likely Scenarios to 2025 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Features of the IP Regime and Adaptation by Emerging Economies to TRIPS 12.3 TRIPS Implementation in Brazil, India, and China 12.3.1 Brazil 12.3.2 India 12.3.3 China 12.4 Likely Scenarios to 2025 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Investment Promotion and Facilitation for LDCs 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Framing Investment Promotion and Facilitation 13.3 Development Partners Direct Support 13.3.1 Preferential Financing Programs 13.3.1.1 Grants 13.3.1.2 Loans 13.3.1.3 Financial Guarantees 13.3.1.4 Equity Participation 13.3.2 Fiscal Incentives 13.3.2.1 Tax Exemptions from Corporate Tax 13.3.2.2 Corporate Tax Relief 13.3.2.3 Fiscal Allowances for Qualifying Activities 13.3.2.4 Tax Deferral 13.3.2.5 Tax Credits 13.3.3 Risk Management Tools, Including Political Risk Insurance 13.3.3.1 International Political Risk Insurance: MIGA 13.3.3.2 National Political Risk Insurance 13.3.3.3 Private Risk Insurance 13.3.4 Project-Business Development, Feasibility, and Information Services 13.3.4.1 Dissemination of Investment Opportunities 13.3.4.2 Educational Services 13.3.4.3 Investment Missions 13.3.4.4 Match-Making Services 13.3.4.5 Feasibility Studies 13.3.5 Promoting Sustainable and Responsible Investment 13.4 Development Partners Indirect Support 13.4.1 Improving the Investment Climate 13.4.2 Strengthening LDCs’ Investment Promotion Agencies 13.4.3 Support Private Sector in the Host Country 13.4.4 Support LDCs in Investment-Related Negotiations 13.5 Conclusions: Possible Future Scenarios to Foster FDI in LDCs 13.5.1 Challenges and Opportunities 13.5.2 Efficiency and Efficacy of Direct Support 13.5.3 Promises and Pitfalls of Indirect Support 13.5.4 The Role of Other Actors References PART IV Diffusion across Economic Treaties 14 Heading for Divorce?: Investment Protection Rules in Free Trade Agreements 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Investment Chapters in Trade Agreements: From Union to Divorce 14.2.1 The Inclusion of Investment Protection Rules in Trade Agreements 14.2.2 The Looming Split of Investment Protection Rules from Trade Agreements 14.2.2.1 The EU and the CJEU Singapore Decision 14.2.2.2 The US Policy Shift and the “America First” Trade Policy 14.2.2.3 The Split between Trade and Investment Protection in other Parts of the Worlds 14.3 The Trade/Investment Convergence Debate Revisited 14.3.1 Normative Convergence through PTIAs 14.3.2 Normative Convergence through Litigation 14.4 Are Investment Chapters More Than a BIT Dropped into an FTA? 14.4.1 Are Investment Chapters Different from BITs in Content? 14.4.2 Does the Wider Trade Agreement Affect the Interpretation and Application of an Investment Chapter? 14.5 Conclusion: Investment Chapters as a BIT Dropped into an FTA References 15 The Regime Complex for Investment Governance: Overlapping Provisions in PTAs and BITs 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Regime Complex for Investment Governance 15.2.1 International Regime Complexity in Investment Governance 15.3 Governing Investment with PTAs and BITs 15.3.1 Longitudinal Patterns in the Formation of BITs and PTAs 15.4 Mapping Investment Provisions 15.4.1 Coding Scheme for PTAs 15.4.2 Coding Scheme for BITs 15.5 Analysis 15.5.1 Investment Provisions in PTAs 15.5.2 Provisions in BITs 15.5.3 Principal Component Analysis 15.5.4 Joint Memberships in PTAs and BITs 15.5.5 Overlapping Commitments 15.6 Conclusion Appendix: PTAs Included in the Analysis References 16 Asian Trade Agreements in Services: Filling Form with Content 16.1 Introduction 16.2 PTAs in Services: Questions of Institutional Design 16.3 Patterns of Services Liberalization in PTAs 16.4 Data and Estimation 16.5 The Outlook for Services PTAs 16.5.1 Scenario 1: A Renewed TPP 16.5.2 Scenario 2: Minimal Liberalization around a Chinese Hub 16.5.3 Scenario 3: A China-Centric Trade Regime in Asia–Pacific References Index