دانلود کتاب The Sociology of Childhood

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Preface
About the Author
PART ONE: THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILDHOOD
1. Social Theories of Childhood
Sociology’s Rediscovery of Childhood
Traditional Theories: Socialization
The Deterministic Model: Society Appropriates the Child
The Constructivist Model: The Child Appropriates Society
Interpretive Reproduction: Children Collectively Participate in Society
Language and Cultural Routines
From Individual Progression to Collective Reproductions: The Reproductive Nature of Children’s Evolving Membership in Their Culture
The Orb Web Model
Children’s Two Cultures
Summary
2. The Structure of Childhood and Children’s Interpretive Reproductions
Assumptions of the Structural Perspective
Childhood as a Structural Form
Effects of Societal Forces on Childhood
Children’s Activities and Contributions to Society
Childhood, Children’s Activities, and Interpretive Reproduction in Peer Culture
Three Kinds of Collective Action
Summary
3. Studying Children and Childhood
Macrolevel Methods
Demographic Studies
Large-Scale Surveys
Historical Methods
Microlevel Methods
Individual and Group Interviews
Ethnography and Sociolinguistic Analysis
Nontraditional Methods in Studying Children
Ethical Issues in Researching Children’s Lives
Summary
PART TWO: CHILDREN, CHILDHOOD, AND FAMILIES IN HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
4. Historical Views of Childhood and Children
Philippe Ariès’s Centuries of Childhood
The Debate Regarding Grand-Stage Theories of the Family and Childhood
The New History of Childhood
Barbara Hanawalt’s Growing Up in Medieval London
Slave Children in the Pre–Civil War South
American Pioneer and Immigrant Children at the Turn of the 20th Century
Summary
5. Social Change, Families, and Children
Examining Changes in Families From the Children’s Perspective
Children’s Everyday Lives in Families
Studies of Families in Western Societies
Studies of Families in Non-Western Societies
The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Families, Children, and Childhood in Western Societies
The Rapid Decline of Two-Parent Farm Families and Rise of Father Worker–Mother Homemaker Families
The Decline in Family Size
The Rise in Mothers’ Labor Force Participation
The Rise in Single-Parent Families
Changing Perspectives of the American Family
Racial and Ethnic Diversity of the Population of Children and Youth
The Lives of Immigrant Children
The Effects of Recent Socioeconomic Changes on Children and Childhood in Developing Societies
Summary
PART THREE: CHILDREN’S CULTURES
6. Children’s Peer Cultures and Interpretive Reproduction
Examining Peer Culture From Children’s Perspective
Central Importance of Peer Culture in Interpretive Reproduction
Parental Versus Peer Effects on Children’s Development
Children’s Transition to Initial Peer Cultures
Symbolic Aspects of Children’s Cultures
The Media
Literature and Fairy Tales
Mythical Figures and Legends
Material Aspects of Children’s Cultures
Historical Studies of Children’s Material Culture
Marketing Studies of Children’s Material Culture
Children, Parents, and Consumer Culture
Summary
7. Sharing and Control in Initial Peer Cultures
Central Themes in Children’s Initial Peer Cultures
Friendship, Sharing, and Social Participation
Play Routines Among Toddlers
The Protection of Interactive Space and Children’s Early Friendships
Language, Sharing Routines, and Rituals
Autonomy and Control in Peer Culture
Sociodramatic Role-Play
Challenging Adult Authority
Confronting Confusions, Fears, and Conflicts in Fantasy Play
Summary
8. Conflict and Differentiation in the Initial Peer Culture
Conflict and Peer Relations
Discussion, Debate, and Peace in Italian Preschools
Oppositional Talk in a Head Start Center
Conflict and Friendship in an American Upper-Middle-Class Preschool
The Contextual Nature of Conflict and Community
Social Differentiation in Initial Peer Cultures
Gender Differentiation
Race and Race Differentiation
Status Differentiation
Summary
9. Preadolescent Peer Cultures
Peer Cultures in Preadolescence
Friendship Processes in Preadolescent Peer Cultures
Social Participation and Friendships
Social Differentiation and Friendships
Social Differentiation, Friendships, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
Autonomy and Identity in Preadolescent Peer Cultures
Verbal Routines, Games, and Heterosexual Relations
Disputes, Conflict, Friendships, and Gender
Verbal Disputes and Conflict in Peer Relations
Borderwork in Cross-Gender Relations
Challenging Adult Authority and Norms
Generation M: Electronic Media in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents
Patterns in Media Use
Effects and Process of Media Use in the Lives of Preadolescents and Adolescents
Summary
PART FOUR: CHILDREN, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, AND THE FUTURE OF CHILDHOOD
10. Children, Social Problems, and the Family
Changing Family Structures and Children’s Lives
Work, Families, and Childhood
Working Mothers and Young Children
Social Policy Regarding Maternity and Family Leave
Social Policy Regarding Child Care and Early Childhood Education
Divorce and Its Effects on Children
Patterns in Divorce and Economic Consequences for Women and Children
Social and Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children
Child Abuse in the Family
Summary
11. Children, Social Problems, and Society
Poverty and the Quality of Children’s Lives
Problems and Progress in Developing Countries
Poverty and Child Labor in Developing Countries
Child Poverty in Industrialized Countries
Variations in Child Poverty and Quality of Life in Industrialized Countries
The Human Faces of Poverty: The Story of Nicholas
Teen Pregnancy and Nonmarital Births
Trends in Teen Nonmarital Births
Possible Causes of Trends in Teen Nonmarital Births
Consequences for Teen Parents and Their Children
Violence, Victimization, and the Loss of Childhood
The Profound and Inspiring Resilience of Children and Youth in Highly Challenging Life Circumstances
Summary
12. The Future of Childhood
The Major Challenges
Confronting Child Poverty in the United States
Combating Child Poverty in Developing Countries
Some More Modest Proposals to Enrich Children’s Lives
Enhancing the Lives of Families and Children
Supporting Families and Children at Risk
Acting Right Now
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Index