دانلود کتاب The Sounds of Korean

فهرست مطالب :

Cover ......Page 1
The Sounds of Korean......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 13
Tables......Page 16
Preface......Page 19
Notational conventions......Page 21
1.1.1 The Korean language in East Asian history......Page 23
1.1.3 Korean vs. Chinese and Korean vs. Japanese: are they related, and if so, how?......Page 24
1.1.4 Korean as a global language: is the Korean language for the Korean peninsula only?......Page 25
1.2.1 Hangeul: the Korean alphabet......Page 26
1.3.3 New words in the twenty-first century......Page 28
1.3.4 Motion-and sound-symbolic words......Page 29
1.4.1 How are words and sentences composed?......Page 30
1.4.3 If it is not through word order, how are grammatical roles and relations expressed?......Page 32
1.4.4 How is the speaker’s attitude expressed in Korean?......Page 34
1.5 Socio-pragmatic characteristics of Korean......Page 35
1.6 Dialectal variation......Page 37
2.1.2 Larynx......Page 38
2.1.3 Tongue......Page 39
2.2 Major cavities......Page 40
2.3.1 Initiation......Page 42
2.3.2 Phonation......Page 45
2.3.3 Articulation......Page 47
2.4.1 Sonorants vs. obstruents......Page 48
2.4.2.1 Place of articulation......Page 49
2.4.2.2 Manner of articulation......Page 50
2.4.2.3 Phonation (or voice) types......Page 53
2.4.3.1 Height......Page 57
2.4.3.2 Backness......Page 58
2.5 Summary......Page 59
EXERCISES......Page 60
3 Basic concepts of phonology......Page 62
3.1 Speech sounds, phones and phonemes......Page 63
3.2 Phonemes and allophones......Page 65
3.3.2 Complementary distribution, phonetic similarity and free variation......Page 66
3.4.1 Sounds within a syllable: onset, nucleus and coda......Page 69
3.5 Underlying form, surface form and phonological rules......Page 70
3.6 Phonological features......Page 72
3.6.1 Why are phonological features needed?......Page 73
3.6.2 Major class features......Page 74
EXERCISES......Page 76
4.1 Consonant chart......Page 78
4.2.1 Stops......Page 79
4.2.1.1 Word-initial stops......Page 82
4.2.1.2 Word-medial (intervocalic) stops......Page 85
4.2.1.4 Allophones and phonological identity of lax stops......Page 87
4.2.2 Fricatives......Page 90
4.2.2.1 Word-initial fricatives......Page 93
4.2.2.2 Word-medial (intervocalic) fricatives......Page 95
4.2.2.3 Allophones and phonological identity of the lax fricative......Page 96
4.2.2.4 Major allophones of fricatives......Page 97
4.2.3 Affricates......Page 98
4.2.3.1 Word-initial affricates......Page 100
4.2.3.2 Word-medial (intervocalic) affricates......Page 101
4.3 Sonorants......Page 102
4.3.1 Nasals......Page 103
4.3.1.1 Word-initial nasals......Page 104
4.3.2.1 Phonetic realisation of liquids......Page 105
4.3.2.2 Phonemic realisation of /l/......Page 107
4.4.1 Features for manner of articulation......Page 110
4.4.2 Features for place of articulation......Page 112
4.4.3 Features for phonation types......Page 114
4.5 Summary......Page 115
EXERCISES......Page 116
5.1.2 Phonological status of the glide: consonant or vowel?......Page 117
5.2.1 How many are there?......Page 119
5.2.1.1 Are there front rounded vowels in Korean?......Page 120
5.2.1.2 Are /e/ and /æ/ distinctive?......Page 121
5.2.2 The simple vowel system of Standard Korean......Page 123
5.2.3 The phonetic realisation of monophthongs......Page 124
5.3 Diphthongs......Page 131
5.3.1.1 Is an on-glide or off-glide?......Page 132
5.3.1.2 The phonetic realisation of......Page 133
5.3.2 The diphthongal system of Standard Korean......Page 134
5.4 Features for vowels......Page 137
5.5 Summary......Page 138
EXERCISES......Page 139
6 Frequency trends of Korean sounds......Page 140
6.1.2 Spontaneous speech......Page 141
6.2.1 Overall phoneme frequency......Page 142
6.2.2.1 Overall consonant frequency......Page 143
6.2.2.2 Onset frequency......Page 149
6.2.2.3 Coda frequency......Page 152
6.2.3 Vowel frequency......Page 155
6.3.1 High-frequency syllables......Page 159
6.3.2 Syllable type frequency......Page 162
6.4.1 Consonant frequency in English......Page 164
6.4.2 Vowel frequency in English......Page 167
EXERCISES......Page 172
7.1 Linguistic function of prosody......Page 173
7.2 Prosodic structure of Korean......Page 177
7.3 Syllable......Page 178
7.3.1 Syllable structure......Page 179
7.3.2 Syllable types......Page 182
7.3.4 Syllabification and phonological processes......Page 183
7.4 Phonological words......Page 186
7.5 Phonological phrases......Page 187
7.6 Intonational phrases......Page 192
EXERCISES......Page 198
8 Phonological rules of Korean (I)......Page 200
8.1.1 Neutralisation......Page 203
8.1.2 Consonant-cluster simplification......Page 205
8.2 Phonological rules via surface phonetic constraints......Page 209
8.2.1 Post-obstruent Tensification......Page 210
8.2.2 Obstruent Nasalisation......Page 211
8.2.3 Liquid Nasalisation......Page 212
8.2.5 Non-coronalisation (Bilabialisation and Velarisation)......Page 214
8.2.6 Aspiration......Page 215
8.2.7 Similar-place Obstruent Deletion......Page 216
8.2.8 /j/ Deletion......Page 217
8.2.9 /h/ Deletion......Page 218
8.3 Summary......Page 219
EXERCISES......Page 220
9.1 Background......Page 221
9.2.1 Lateralisation and Nasalisation of Sino-Korean words......Page 223
9.2.3 /t/ Insertion......Page 225
9.2.4 /n/ Insertion......Page 228
9.3.1 Palatalisation......Page 229
9.3.2 Verbal suffix Tensification: after a nasal-ending stem......Page 230
9.3.3 Glide Formation in verbal inflection......Page 231
9.3.5 Deletion in verbal inflection......Page 232
9.4.2 /n / Deletion in Sino-Korean words......Page 233
EXERCISES......Page 237
10 Loanword phonology......Page 239
10.1 Origin and orthography of loanwords......Page 240
10.2 Consonant correspondence between English and Korean......Page 241
10.2.1 Correspondence between /p, t, k/ in English and /ph, th, kh/ in Korean......Page 242
10.2.3 Correspondence between /f/, /s/, /θ/, in English and /ph/, /s, s* /, /s, s* /, /s+ j, s* + j/ in Korean......Page 243
10.2.4 Correspondence between /v/, /z/, and /d/ in English and /p/, /t/ in Korean......Page 244
10.2.6 Correspondence between /l/ and /r/ in English and /l/ in Korean......Page 245
10.3 Vowel correspondence between English and Korean......Page 246
10.4 Syllable structure and loanword phonology......Page 247
10.5.2 Why is rugby pronounced as [lkp* i]?......Page 250
10.5.5 Why is Finland pronounced as [pillnt]?......Page 251
EXERCISES......Page 252
Notes......Page 254
Bibliography......Page 260
Index......Page 264