دانلود کتاب The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Maps and Battle Plans
List of Tables
Note on Form
The Habsburg Family Tree 1500–1665
Map of Central Europe, 1618
Note on Currencies
Preface
PART ONE: Beginnings
1 Introduction
Three Men and a Window
Interpretations
The Argument
2 Trouble in the Heart of Christendom
The Empire
Communities
Emperor and Princes
Cities
The Imperial Constitution
Political Culture
Confessionalization
Catholicism
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Limits to Confessionalization
Religion and Imperial Law
The Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Three Dubia
Catholic Opinion
Protestant Resistance Theories
3 Casa d’Austria
Lands and Dynasty
Estates and Confession
Estates Representation
Habsburg Administration
The Spread of Protestantism
Social Tensions
The Catholic Revival
Rudolf II
Melchior Klesl
Catholic Strategy
Archduke Ferdinand
Bohemia
4 The Turkish War and its Consequences
The Turkish Menace
The Scourge of God
Translyvania
Strategy and Logistics
The Military Frontier
The Ways of War
The Military Significance of the Turkish War
Military Technology
Infantry
Cavalry
Organization
Battle Tactics
The Long Turkish War
A New Crusade
Intervention in Transylvania
The Bocskai Revolt 1604–6
Habsburg–Ottoman Relations after 1606
The Brothers’ Quarrel
The Feuding Archdukes
The Opening Round
The Letter of Majesty 1609
5 Pax Hispanica
The Spanish Monarchy
Spain’s Many Dominions
Silver: The Lifeblood of Empire
Imperial Defence
Spain and the Empire
The Dutch Revolt 1568–1609
The Dutch Ulcer
The Flanders School
The Dutch Republic
Dealers in Death
The Dutch Military Reforms and their Influence
Defence of the Republic 1590–1609
War of Attrition
The Spanish Road
The French Wars of Religion
Lorraine and Savoy
The Swiss Passes
Spanish Peace-making
Belgian Autonomy
The Twelve Years Truce
Savoy and Mantua
6 Dominium Maris Baltici
Denmark
The Baltic and European Conflict
Danish Wealth and Power
Denmark and the Empire
The Divided House of Vasa
Sweden’s Brothers’ Quarrel
Gustavus Adolphus and Oxenstierna
The Basis of Swedish Power
Imperial Ambitions
Sweden and the Empire
Poland-Lithuania
A Noble Commonwealth
Polish Resilience and Strength
Wars with Russia and Sweden
7 From Rudolf to Matthias 1582–1612
Religion and the German Princes
Potential Catholic Leaders
Potential Protestant Leaders
Protestant Disunity
Confession and Imperial Politics to 1608
The Cologne Dispute 1583–90
The Strasbourg Bishops’ War 1592–1604
Dreams of a Protestant Alliance
The Four Monasteries Dispute 1598–1601
Bavaria
Donauwörth
The 1608 Reichstag
Union and Liga 1608–9
The Protestant Union
The Catholic Liga
Common Problems
The Jülich-Cleves Crisis 1609–10
The Jülich-Cleves Inheritance
French Intervention
German Intervention
Consequences
8 On the Brink?
Emperor Matthias
The Final Act in the Brothers’ Quarrel
The Imperial Election of 1612
Klesl
‘Composition’ or Succession?
Beer George
Frederick V
The 1613 Reichstag
The Habsburgs and the Liga
Renewed Crisis in Jülich-Cleves, 1614
The Imperial Recovery
The Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession 1615–17
The Uskok War 1615–17
Spain and the Austrian Succession
The Oñate Treaty 1617
End of the Uskok War
Palatine Brinkmanship
The Approach of the Apocalypse
Protestant Discord
The Failure of Composition
PART TWO: Conflict
9 The Bohemian Revolt 1618–20
For Liberty and Privilege
An Aristocratic Conspiracy
The Rebel Leadership
The Habsburg Response
The Scramble for Support
The War Begins
The ‘Stormy Petition’
A King for a Crown
The Imperial Crown
The Bohemian Confederation
A Fateful Decision
The Bohemian War Effort
The Hungarian Crown
Polish Intervention
Ferdinand Gathers his Forces
Bavaria
The Final Pieces
White Mountain
The Habsburg Offensive
The Battle of White Mountain
Collapse of the Confederation
Accounting for Failure
10 Ferdinand Triumphant 1621–4
The Palatine Cause
The Winter King
The End of the Protestant Union
The Resumption of the Spanish-Dutch War, 1621
The Protestant Crowns
Bethlen and Jägerndorf
Protestant Paladins
New Champions
The Emperor’s Countermeasures
Tilly against Mansfeld
The War Enters North-west Germany
The Battle of Stadtlohn
Mopping Up
The Catholic Ascendancy 1621–9
Change and Continuity
Stabilizing the Dynasty
The Blood Court
The Land Transfers
The Palatine Lands and Titles
Re-Catholicization
11 Olivares and Richelieu
Olivares
The Count-Duke
From the Spanish Match to Breda
The War at Sea
The Global Dimension
Cadiz
The Union of Arms
Richelieu
Divisions in the French Monarchy
The Huguenots
Richelieu
The Huguenot Rebellions
Richelieu’s Strategy
The Valtellina
The Holy Slaughter
War 1625
12 Denmark’s War against the Emperor 1625–9
Trouble in Lower Saxony
The North German Bishoprics
Danish Motives
The Problem of Neutrality
Peace Talks Fail
Wallenstein
Rise to Prominence
The Creation of a New Army, 1625–6
Wallenstein’s Powers and Subordinates
War Finance
Political Repercussions
Denmark’s Defeat 1626–9
The Battle of Dessau Bridge
The Upper Austrian Rebellion 1626
Political Uncertainty
The Battle of Lutter
Mansfeld’s Last Campaign
The 1627 Campaign
Wallenstein becomes Duke of Mecklenburg
The Mühlhausen Electoral Congress
The Peace of Lübeck
13 The Threat of European War 1628–30
The Baltic
The Polish War
The Baltic Design
Stralsund and Magdeburg
Imperial Intervention in Poland
The Netherlands
Spanish Bankruptcy
The Siege of s’Hertzogenbosch
Mantua and La Rochelle
The Mantuan Succession
The Siege of La Rochelle
Imperial Intervention in Italy
The Edict of Restitution
Genesis
Consternation in the Empire
Implementation
The Protestant Response
The Regensburg Electoral Congress 1630
Wallenstein’s Dismissal
Army Reform
Peace in Italy
14 The Lion of the North 1630–2
Swedish Intervention
Swedish Preparedness
Strategy and Objectives
Alliance with France
Between the Lion and the Eagle
The Leipzig Convention
The Siege of Magdeburg
The End of Neutrality
The Battle of Breitenfeld
The Swedish Empire
A New Alexander
Sweden’s Allies
The Baltic Bridgehead
Strategic Bases
German Collaborators
A New Augustus?
Calls for Assistance
Catholic Panic
Spain
France
Wallenstein’s Recall
Lorraine
Zenith
The Expansion and Regionalization of the War
The Battles of Bamberg and the Lech
The Battles of Steinau and Alte Veste
The Battle of Lützen
15 Without Gustavus 1633–4
The Heilbronn League
Stabilization of the Swedish Crown
The Question of Command
The League of Heilbronn
The Swedish Mutiny
Tension along the Rhine
Trier and Maastricht 1632–3
Lorraine 1633–4
The Battle of Hessisch-Oldendorf 1633
Hessian Policy
Spain Intervenes
Wallenstein’s Secret Diplomacy
The Decision to Send Feria
The Siege of Konstanz
Disaster
Wallenstein: the Final Act
The Second Battle of Steinau
The Plot against Wallenstein
The Eger Bloodbath
Rewards and Cover-up
The Two Ferdinands
Renewed Spanish Intervention 1634
The Battle of No¨ rdlingen
Sweden Loses Southern Germany
The French Take Over
16 For the Liberty of Germany 1635–6
Richelieu Resolves on War
Spanish Policy
French Belligerence
French Preparedness
The War in the West 1635–6
Habsburg Military Cooperation
The Rhine Campaign 1635
The Year of Corbie
The Peace of Prague 1635
Peace-making
The Terms
Winning Acceptance
The Amnesty Question
The Problem of Hessen-Kassel
Appeals to Patriotism
The Powder Barrel Mutiny
The Stuhmsdorf Truce
Why Saxony Failed
The Treaty of Wismar 1636
The Battle of Wittstock
Renewed Efforts for Peace
The Cologne Congress 1636
The Regensburg Electoral Congress 1636–7
17 Habsburg High Tide 1637–40
Stalemate
Emperor Ferdinand III
The Rhine Campaign
Hessen-Kassel
The Palatinate’s Final Throw
The Swedish Retreat
Resolution on the Rhine
Imperial Military Finance
Partisan Leaders
The Battles of Rheinfelden
The Siege of Breisach
The Battle of Wittenweier
Desperate Measures
The Fall of Breisach
Peace for North Germany?
Ferdinand III Addresses the Amnesty Question
A New Third Party
Bane´r’s Offensive
Competition for the German Armies
The War Moves North
18 In the Balance 1641–3
The Franco-Swedish Alliance 1641
The Relationship of War to Diplomacy
The Regensburg Reichstag
Banér’s Winter Offensive 1641
Renewed Swedish Mutiny
The Battle of Wolfenbüttel
The War in the Empire 1642–3
The Battle of Kempen 1642
Swedish Recovery
The Second Battle of Breitenfeld
The Drift to Neutrality
The 1643 Campaign
The Battle of Tuttlingen
Spain’s Growing Crisis 1635–43
The War in Italy 1635–42
The Savoyard Civil War
The Papacy
The Pyrenean Front
The Catalan and Portuguese Revolts
The Fiscal-Military Burden
The Colonial War
From Breda to Rocroi 1637–43
The Loss of Breda 1637
The End of Imperial Assistance 1638–9
The Downs
Clutching at Straws
Changing of the Guard in Spain and France
The Battle of Rocroi 1643
19 Pressure to Negotiate 1644–5
The Westphalian Congress
Negotiating Methods
The Representatives and their Objectives
France in Germany 1644
The Freiburg Campaign
Westphalia
The Baltic Becomes Swedish 1643–5
A New Baltic War
Sweden’s Surprise Attack
Imperial Intervention
The Peace of Brömsebro 1645
1645: Annus horribilis et mirabilis
The Battle of Jankau
Transylvania Rejoins the War
The Battle of Herbsthausen
The Battle of Allerheim
The Kötzschenbroda Armistice
Ferdinand Gives Way
20 War or Peace 1646–8
A Crisis of Confidence 1646
Preliminary Agreement
The 1646 Campaign
The Hessian War
The Ulm Truce, March 1647
Towards Consensus
The Territorial Settlement
Agreement on the Normative Year
The Spanish Succession
Operations During the Truce
The End of the Truce
Spain’s Peace with the Dutch
The Neapolitan Revolt 1647
The War against the Dutch
Spain’s Negotiations with the Dutch and French
From Lens to the Pyrenees
The Final Round 1648
The Last Campaign
The Battle of Zusmarshausen
Modest Recovery
The Final Confrontation at Prague
Concluding the Peace
PART THREE: Aftermath
21 The Westphalian Settlement
The International Dimension
Westphalia and World History
The Empire and Europe
A Christian Peace
The Religious Settlement
The Nuremberg Execution Congress
Relative Success
The Düsseldorf Cow War
The Palatine Controversy
Demobilization
The Imperial Recovery
Habsburg Power
Territorial Sovereignty
22 The Human and Material Cost
An All-destructive Fury?
The Myth of Absolute Destruction
General Trends
The Demographic Impact
Overall Losses
Causes of Mortality
The Economic Impact
The ‘Kipper and Wipper’ Hyperinflation
Trade and Industry
Agriculture
The Credit Crunch
Level of Recovery
The Crisis of the Territorial State
War and State-building
War and State Destruction
The New Order
Cultural Impact
Cultural Destruction
Creativity and Innovation
Critical Voices?
Grimmelshausen
Conclusions
23 Experiencing War
The Nature of Experience
Personal Testimony
The War as Media Event
Military–Civil Relations
The Military Community
Plunder
Negotiation
Flight
Resistance
Perceptions
The War as Defining Event
Fear
Witchcraft
Normality
Fortuna
Commemoration
Peace Celebrations
Commemoration
Abbreviations
Notes
Introduction
Trouble in the Heart of Christendom
Casa d’Austria
The Turkish War and its Consequences
Pax Hispanica
Dominium Maris Baltici
From Rudolf to Matthias
On the Brink?
The Bohemian Revolt
Ferdinand Triumphant
Olivares and Richelieu
Denmark’s War against the Emperor
The Threat of European War
The Lion of the North
Without Gustavus
For the Liberty of Germany
Habsburg High Tide
In the Balance
Pressure to Negotiate
War or Peace
The Westphalian Settlement
The Human and Material Cost
Experiencing War
Index
Illustrations