دانلود کتاب The Use of Synchrophasors for Wide Area Monitoring of Electrical Power Grids

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2013. — 10 c.Consider the ability to measure the voltage magnitude and phase angle at every system bus and current magnitude and phase angle at every branch (lines, transformers and other series elements) in the power system network simultaneously and continuously and having them instantly available where we need them when we need them. This is the exactly the approach of Wide Area Monitoring Systems using Synchrophasors.
The Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) consists of geographically dispersed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) delivering Synchrophasors, i.e., time-tagged data samples of a power system’s sinusoidal voltage or current using a standard time signal as the reference, to Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs). These PDCs perform the desired signal handling and assembly of synchronized phasor measurements into snapshots. They may also facilitate long-term storage in high-resolution historical archives. The data in each PMU are time-synchronized to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), for example via Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers – with an accuracy of one microsecond – and stored in PDCs. The phasors measured simultaneously provide snapshots of the state of the monitored nodes. By comparing these snapshots, not only during steady state, also the dynamic state of critical nodes in transmission, sub-transmission and distribution networks can be observed.