دانلود کتاب The World of the Oxus Civilization

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Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Foreword
Introduction
Note
Part I The Oxus Civilization Background
Chapter One Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): An overview
Introduction
The first discoveries
The successive chronologies
The BMAC and the Middle Asia interaction sphere
The BMAC cultural features
Environment
The Namazaga/Anau and southern Hindukush background
Architecture
Material culture
Economy
Way of life: agriculture, husbandry/sedentariness, mobility
Political and religious systems
Graves and funerary rituals
Population
Chronology
Relative chronology
Absolute chronology
Explaining the “exotic” finds and the wealth of the BMAC
Imports or local production?
The Elamite koinè and migrations: questions on the Indo-Aryans and the BMAC population
Trade
A previous model
A trade impetus to explain the BMAC?
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Two The Oxus Civilization and Mesopotamia: A philologist’s point of view
Introduction
Classical Sumerian literature and the East
Possible candidates for the Oxus Civilization
Meluhha
Marhaši
Šimaški and Tukriš
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Notes
References
Chapter Three Environmental changes in Bactria and Sogdiana (Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan) from the ...
Introduction
Morpho-tectonic and environmental settings in southwest Central Asia
The Balkh region in northern Afghanistan
The Zeravshan delta in southeastern Uzbekistan
The hydro-climatic conditions: semiarid lowlands under dependence of water resources
The present semiarid climatic frame
Rivers and hydrological data
Geoarchaeological approach and methods
Continuity of human occupation in the two alluvial plains of Bactria and Sogdiana
Chronology of settlements in the alluvial plain of the Balkh River
The Zeravshan River delta occupation
Holocene climate frame for Central Asia
Holocene climatic phases in Central Asia
The Balkh River floodplain reconstruction since the Pleistocene
Alluvial cone generations and fluvial networks
Paleochannels dynamic and human occupation
Evolution of the Zeravshan River in the Bukhara-Qaraqöl oasis
Mapping and dating paleochannels
Paleocourse generations and human settlement chronology
Towards a better understanding of the Holocene socio-environmental dynamics in southwest arid Central Asia
Holocene climate change and the avulsion process
The role of tectonic activity on fluvial network organization
River course changes and human settlements
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Four The rise of the early urban civilization in southwestern Central Asia: From the Middle Chalcolithic to the ...
Introduction
The Middle Chalcolithic period (ca. 3650–3200/3100 BC)
The early phase (ca. 3650–3300 BC)
Pottery
The late phase (ca. 3300–3200/3100 BC)
Pottery
Economy
Architecture
Burials
Artifacts
Contacts and influences
The Late Chalcolithic Period (3200/3100–2800/2700 BC)
Environment
Economy
Pottery
Architecture
Burials
Artifacts
Relations and influences
The Early Bronze Age (ca. 2800/2700–2400/2300 BC)
Architecture
Burials
Material culture
Relations and influences
The Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2350–2000/1900 BC) and the outburst of international relations
Notes
References
Part II The “Core Area”
Chapter Five The architecture of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture
Introduction
Monumental architecture
Margiana
Southern Bactria
Northern Bactria
Conclusion on the monumental architecture
Domestic architecture
Building materials and construction methods
Clay (pakhsa and bricks)
Gypsum (“ganch”)/alabaster
Vaults
Wood
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Six Some thoughts on the imaginary representations in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture
Introduction
Anthropomorphic figurines
Pottery decoration
Seal-amulets and cylinder seals2
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Seven Myths and gods in the Oxus Civilization
Introduction
The materials of the imagery
Types of artifacts and their iconography
Composite statuettes
Seals
Vessels
Handled stones
Game boards
Weapons
Musical instruments
Personal ornaments
Terracotta figurines
Mythology reconstructed from the iconography
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Eight BMAC glyptics: Typology, context, function, and background
Introduction
General considerations on seals
A new type of seal on the Iranian plateau: the compartmented seals
The BMAC glyptic: general remarks
The BMAC types of seals: preliminary remarks
The BMAC stamp seals
Type 1: one-sided stamp seals with handle on the back (with nine subtypes)
Type 2: two-sided stamp seals (with 13 subtypes)
Other stamp seals: types 3–7
The BMAC compartmented seals
Handles of stamp seals and compartmented seals
Cylinder seals and stamp cylinders
The Gonur Depe finds
Foreign cylinder seals
Seal impressions
BMAC glyptic styles
The “drilled style”
The “Murghab-style”
Other styles on stamp and cylinder seals
Cylinder seals and stamp cylinders in mixed styles
The compartmented seals style
The characteristic BMAC motifs
Single figures (Table 8.12)
Scenic depictions (Table 8.13)
The background of the BMAC iconography
Notes
References
Chapter Nine Chlorite containers from the Oxus Civilization: Between technical choices and iconographic codes
Introduction
Local traditions and interaction spheres
Possible imports from southeastern Iran and the Persian Gulf
A repertory of Oxus patterns incised on chlorite CONTAINERS
Comments on Table 9.1 and Figure 9.3
Comments on Table 9.2 and Figure 9.4
Comments on Table 9.3 and Figure 9.5
Comments on Table 9.4 and Figure 9.6
Comments on Table 9.5 and Figure 9.7
Comments on Table 9.6 and Figure 9.8
Comments on Table 9.7 and Figure 9.9
Comments on Table 9.8 and Figure 9.10
Comments on Table 9.9 and Figure 9.11
Comments on Table 9.10 and Figure 9.12
Inlaid chlorite containers (not illustrated)
Comments on inlaid containers
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix: chlorite and talc sources in Central Asian countries
Notes
References
Chapter Ten The “Royal Necropolis” at Gonur Depe: An attempt at systematization (plan, constructions, rituals)
Introduction
The planography of the “Royal Necropolis”
Construction and arrangement of the hypogea
An attempt at systematization
Grave goods
14C dates
Conclusion and acknowledgments
Notes
References
Chapter Eleven Polychrome inlayed and painted mosaics from Gonur Depe (Turkmenistan)
Introduction
The game boards
The containers or “ostensories”
The mosaic panels
The manufacturing processes
The location of the mosaics at Gonur
The motifs and their comparisons
Notes
References
Chapter Twelve Animal burials at Gonur Depe
Introduction
Animal burials in the ancient East
Animal burials in Central Asia
Whole animals used for rituals linked with a grave construction (group 1)
Animals as “escorting items” (group 1a)
Animals as “substitutes” to humans (group 1b)
Individual animal burials with whole animals (group 2a)
Bull burials
Dog burials
Dismembered animal skeletons (group 2b)
Cremation (group 3)
Notes
References
Chapter Thirteen Funerary rituals and archaeothanatological data from BMAC graves at Ulug Depe (Turkmenistan) and ...
Introduction
Studies on the Bronze Age: Ulug Depe and Dzharkutan
Principal characteristics of the funerary practices
Primary individual burials at Ulug Depe
Individual primary graves at Dzharkutan
Relatively rich funerary offerings
Some unusual funerary structures at Ulug Depe
The tomb of a “priestess”
A multiple burial structure
Deceased infants among the living
The living among the dead at Dzharkutan
Pre- and post-sepulchral practices in the Dzharkutan necropolises
Contemporaneous looting of the burials
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Fourteen Bioarchaeology of the BMAC population: A short review
Introduction
References
Chapter Fifteen Animal exploitation at Gonur Depe
Introduction
Comparative fauna data1
The Gonur fauna data
Size and appearance
Meat use
Ovicaprines
Cattle
Pig
Double-humped camel
Other animal use
Notes
References
Chapter Sixteen Life in the countryside: The rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture
Introduction
Settlement patterns
Late Bronze Age sites in the Pashkhurt region
Tilla Bulak
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Seventeen Who interacted with whom?: Redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in ...
Introduction
The background
Further research
To conclude: questions
Notes
References
Chapter Eighteen The end of the Oxus Civilization
Introduction
An unclear chronology and a problematic terminology
Archaeological features and eco-sociocultural transformations
Settlement pattern and architecture
Subsistence economy
Material culture
Burial practices
Regionalization
Which social evolution for the Oxus Civilization?
Why these changes in the BMAC/Oxus Civilization?
The succession of the Oxus Civilization and the mechanisms of cultural changes
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part III The “Surrounding Areas”
Chapter Nineteen The BMAC presence in eastern Iran: State of affairs in December 2018 – towards the Greater Khorasan ...
Introduction
The formative area
The core area
The expansion area
The influence area
Northern Khorasan
Southern Khorasan
Seistan
Discussion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty The relationship between the Oxus Civilization and the Indo-Iranian borderlands
Introduction
Material evidence
Shahdad
Tepe Yahya
Halil Rud basin
Seistan
Khurab
Kachi plain
Quetta
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
Kulli, Mehi, and Nindowari
Interpretations and concluding remarks
Origins of the Oxus Civilization
Oxus-related evidence in the Indo-Iranian borderlands: arrows or a circle?
The Oxus Civilization in the Indo-Iranian borderlands: violence, language, and religion?
The “name game”
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-One Interaction between the worlds of South Asia and Central Asia
Introduction
Different modes of interactions
The procurement of raw material
Lapis lazuli
Turquoise
Pastoralism and its relevance
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Two The Oxus Civilization/BMAC and its interaction with the Arabian Gulf: A review of the evidence
Introduction
A few direct relations
Exports from the Gulf discovered in Central Asia
Imports from Central Asia found in the Gulf
Seals and seal impressions
Soft-stone containers
Ivory
A disputed case: the deposits from the Barbar Temple II at Bahrain
The copper bull’s head
The “copper” mirror’s handle
The alabaster vessels
Clay and metal pedestaled goblets from the Gulf: a particular case
Clay pedestal goblets
Copper/bronze pedestal goblets
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Three The formation of the .xus Civilization/BMAC in southwestern Tajikistan
Introduction
Chalcolithic (NMG III) sites
Early Bronze Age and beginning of Middle Bronze Age sites (NMG IV and early V)
The Farkhor cemetery
Funerary artifacts related to farming communities
Funerary artifacts related to steppe culture communities
Middle Bronze and early Late Bronze Age sites (NMG V and VI)
Gelot burials related to farming communities
Darnajchi burials related to farming communities
Burial complexes of the Vakhsh culture at Gelot and Darnajchi
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Four The Zeravshan regional variant of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex: Interaction between ...
Introduction
Geographical setting and potential resources
A contact zone with several cultural complexes
Mineral resources and metal exploitation
Characteristics of the archaeological remains
Comparative analysis of the site’s inventory
Pottery
Bronze knives
Bronze jewelry
Bronze decorative items
Horse cheek-pieces
Stone inventory
Culturo-historical and chronological position of the Zeravshan sites
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Five The “classical Vakhsh culture”: A Bronze Age culture of the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC in ...
Introduction
Characteristics of the “classical Vakhsh culture”
The grave structures of the “classical Vakhsh culture”
The pottery of the “classical Vakhsh culture”
I. Beakers and pots
II. Jugs
III. Globular pots
IV. Bowls
V. Goblets and pedestal bowls
The chronology of the “classical Vakhsh culture”
Connections between the “classical Vakhsh culture” and the oases cultures of western Central Asia
Different burial collectives in southern Tajikistan in the 3rd millennium: the particularity of the kurgans
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Six The Oxus Civilization and the northern steppes
Introduction
Cultural chronological assessments
Earliest evidence at the turn of the 3rd millennium: Sarazm and Zhukov
Regarding the middle Zeravshan valley
A Petrovka colony in the middle Zeravshan valley
Zardcha Khalifa
The complex question of the domestication of the horse
Domestic horses in southern Central Asia
The question of the domestication of the camel in Eurasia
Chariots
The occupation of the desert oases
BMAC materials in the northern steppes
Conclusion: the connecting role of the mobile groups
Notes
References
Part IV Metals and Metal Deposits
Chapter Twenty-Seven Archaeometallurgical studies on BMAC artifacts
Introduction
Aims and methods
Results and discussion
Precious metal artifacts
Lead artifacts
Copper and bronze artifacts
Sarazm, Tajikistan (4th/3rd millennium)
Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan (2200–1700 BC)
Late Bronze Age sites in Tajikistan
Late Bronze Age sites in Uzbekistan5
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Eight Metal sources (tin and copper) and the BMAC
Introduction
State of mining archaeological research in Central Asia
Tin deposits and mining in Central Asia: an overview
India
Afghanistan
Southern Central Asia
Northern Central Asia
Copper deposits and copper mining in Central Asia: an overview
Pamir-Hissar Mountains
Kyzyl Kum Desert
Naukat Mountains
Southern Karamazar Mountains
Northern Karamazar Mountains
Talas-Alatau Mountains
Central Kazakhstan
Metallurgical studies
Notes
References
Chapter Twenty-Nine The acquisition of tin in Bronze Age southwest Asia
Introduction
The southwest Eurasian metallurgical heartland
The emergence of tin bronze metallurgy in Southwest Asia
The occurrence of early tin bronze artifacts in the ancient Near East
Southwest Asian tin sources mined during the Bronze Age
Anatolia
Kestel-Göltepe (3rd millennium, south-central region)
Hisarcik-Kiranardi, Kayseri Erciyes Dag area (3rd millennium and later, central region)
Kültepe and Karum Kanesh (3rd and 2nd millennium BC, central region)
Uluburun shipwreck (13th century BC, southeast coastal region)
Iran
Deh Hosein (3rd?–2nd millennium BC, western-central region)
Afghanistan
Concluding observations
Notes
References
Appendix Radiocarbon dates related to the BMAC/Oxus Civilization
References
Index