دانلود کتاب Theory of Questions: Erotetics Through the Prism of Its Philosophical Background and Practical Applications

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99
99 Theory of Questions
THEORY OF QUESTIONS
Contents
Introduction
PART ONE PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND
Chapter 1. Ontological and Epistemological Preliminaries
1. A Natural Picture of the World
2. Schematization and Simplification
3. Universalization and Generalization
4. Idealization
5. Presentations
6. Epistemic States
7. Volitional States
8. Thinking and Using the Language
Chapter 2. Semantics and Pragmatics
1. Natural Languages versus Artificial Languages
2. The Sense of Questions: Intuitions
3. Semantics and Pragmatics
4. Logical (Pure) Semantics and Linguistic (Descriptive) Semantics
5. Semiotic Relations
6. Idealization of the Description of Language
7. Communicative Function of Expressions
8. Establishing Communicative Functions
9. Communication and Representation
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 3. Sentences and Pictures of Situations
1. Situations − Correlates of Sentences
2. Judgments − Correlates of Sentences
3. Particular and Universal Correlates of Sentences
4. Judgements and Convictions
5. Picturing versus Stating
6. Pictures and Fictions
7. Picturing Elements of Situation
8. Pictures and Judgments
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 4. Semantico-Categorial Analysis
1. Ajdukiewicz’s Heritage
2. Improvements
Historical and Polemical Comments
PART TWO THEORY
Chapter 5. The Communicative Function of Questions
1. Cognitive, Incognitive, and Volitional Elements of the Sense of Questions
2. Hypothetical Components of the Sense of Questions
3. Terminological Specifications
4. The Concept of Inquiry
5. Graphic Representation
6. Questions versus Orders and Declarative Sentences
7. Communicative Function versus Traditional Semantic
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 6. The Structure of Natural-Language Questions
1. General Characteristics of Completive Questions
2. Hypothetive Questions
3. Selective Questions
4. Interpretational Difficulties: Who-Questions
5. What-Questions
6. Where- and When-Questions
7. Which-Question
8. Why-Questions
9. Troubles with Hypothetive Questions
10. The Scope of Unknown and Semantic Directives
11. Precision of Natural Language Questions
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 7. Semantico-Categorial Description of Questions
1. Preliminaries
2. Categorial Kinds of Questions
3. Versions of Analysis
4. Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative Sentences
5. Completive Questions about Individuals (Names)
6. Hypothetive and Selective Questions about Individuals
7. Predicative Questions
8. Questions about Circumstances
9. Quantifier Questions
10. Causal and Telic Questions
11. Conditional Questions
12. Compound Questions
13. Semantico-Categorial Analysis of Questions and Syntactic Ambiguity
14. Prospects
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 8. Cognitive Content and Cognitive Context of a Question
1. The Concept of Assumption of a Question
2. Assumptions of Completive Questions
3. Assumptions of Hypothetive and Selective Questions
4. Presuppositions
5. A Weakened Concept of Assumption
6. Cognitive Context of a Question
7. Assumptions of Conditional Questions
8. Relation between Questions with Respect to Assumptions
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 9. Answers
1. Concepts of Answer
2. Direct Answer
3. Indirect Answer
4. Partial Answer
5. Limiting Answer
6. Correcting Answer
7. Modifying Answer
8. Accurate and Exhaustive Answer
9. Answer as Such (in General)
10. Relations between Questions with Respect to Answers
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 10. Embedded Questions
1. Embedded Questions: Misunderstandings
2. Embedded Questions as Nominalized Questions
3. Pronouns versus Queries
4. Designates of Nominalized Questions
5. Inquiries as Correlates of Nominalized Questions
6. Supplementations as Correlates of Nominalized Questions
8. Pragmatic Properties of Nominalized Sentences as Names of States of Affairs
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 11. The Analysis of Erotetic Situation
1. Modifications of a Typical Erotetic Situation
2. Didactic, Suggesting, and Suggestive Questions
3. Answer-Reaction (Response)
4. Answer-Information
5. Extraverbal Replies
6. Forms of Answers
7. Lies in Questions and Answers
Historical and Polemical Comments
PART THREE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Chapter 12. Questions in Science
1. Scientific Questions as the Component of Scientific Discipline
2. Characteristic of Scientific Questions
3. Desired Features of Scientific Questions
4. Semiotico-Logical Correctness of Questions
5. Proper Posing
6. Resolvability of Scientific Questions
7. Operations of Scientific Questions
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 13. Erotetic Reasoning
1. Questions in Cognitive Processes
2. Questions Conducting Reasoning
3. Types of Conducting-Questions
4. Other Conducting-Questions
5. Erotetic Consequence
6. The Affinity of Inferential Relations
7. Kinds of Erotetic Reasoning
8. Asertorico-Erotetic Reasoning
9. Erotetico-Erotetic Reasoning
10. Fallible and Infallible Erotetic Reasoning
11. Questions Conducting Erotetic Reasoning
12. Erotetic Conception of Cognitive Operations
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 14. Psychological Analysis of Questions
1. Psychology and Questions
2. Psychological Interpretation of Answers
3. A psychologist versus Questions and Answers
4. Psychological Interview: Definite and Indefinite Questions
5. Sensitive Matters and Projective Questions
6. Carrying Out an Interview
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 15. Questions in Surveys
1. Erotetic Components in Sociology
2. Basic Concepts
3. Scientific versus Questionnaire Questions
4. The Analysis of Scientific Questions
5. Kinds of Questions in Sociological Questionnaires
6. Making Precise Questions
7. Answers to Questionnaire Questions
8. Logical Correctness of Questionnaire Questions
9. Psychological Analysis of Questionnaire Questions
10. The Composition of Questionnaire Questions
11. Filtering Questions and the “I Do Not Know” Filter
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 16. Questions in Didactic Tests
1. Test versus Questionnaire
2. The Concept of Didactic Question
3. Kinds of Didactic Questions
4. Tasks
5. Logical Correctness of Test Questions
6. Psychological Analysis of Test Questions
7. Measuring by Tests − Theoretical Problems
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 17. Questions in Legal Proceedings
1. Erotetics and Law
2. The Mixed Procedure of Examination
3. The English System of Examination
4. Tendentious Questions in Law
5. The Role of Questions in Criminal Trials
6. Erotetic Legal Reasoning
7. Irrelevant Questions and Reversing Questions
8. Falsity and Insincerity
Historical and Polemical Comments
Chapter 18. Philosophical Questions
1. Commonplace Opinions
2. The essence of Philosophical Questions
3. Resolvability of Philosophical Questions and Resolving Procedures
4. The Analysis of Epistemological Questions
5. The Analysis of Theodicy Question
6. The Analysis of Transcendental Questions
7. Existential Questions
8. Attitudes toward Philosophical Questions
Historical and Polemical Comments
Conclusions
Appendix: From the History of Erotetics in Poland in the 20th Century
1. Introductory Remarks
2. The Scope of Erotetic Investigations: Conceptual Apparatus
3. Components of a Questions-State and Semiotic Functions of Questions
4. Structural Components of Questions
5. Construction of Interrogatives
6. Kinds of Questions
7. Cognitive Content of Questions
8. Answers
9. Relations between the Elements of the Domain of Erotetics
10. Desired Properties of Questions
11. Questions in General Methodology and in the Methodology of Particular Sciences
References
Name Index