دانلود کتاب Thermodinamics of Atmospheres and Oceans

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Front Cover
Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Publisher\'s Credits
Part I: Basic Concepts
Chapter 1. Composition, Structure, and State
1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere
1.2 Composition of the Ocean
1.3 Pressure
1.4 Density
1.5 Temperature
1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas
1.7 Equation of State for Air
1.8 Equation of State for Seawater
1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients
1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Notes
Problems
Chapter 2. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
2.1 Work
2.2 Heat
2.3 First Law
2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases
2.5 Entropy
2.6 Second Law
2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws
2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations
2.9 Heat Capacity
2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere
2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean
Notes
Problems
Chapter 3. Transfer Processes
3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics
3.2 Radiant Energy
3.3 Radiative Transfer
3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes
3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport
3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere
Notes
Problems
Chapter 4. Thermodynamics of Water
4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water
4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom
4.3 Phase Equilibria
4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables
4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions
4.6 Simple Eutectics
Notes
Problems
Chapter 5. Nucleation and Diffusional Growth
5.1 Surface Tension
5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase
5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase
5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops
5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth
5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover
5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones
Notes
Problems
Part II: Applications
Chapter 6. Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere
6.1 Combined First and Second Laws
6.2 Isobaric Cooling
6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water
6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing
6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling
6.6 The Ice Phase
6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables
6.8 Aerological Diagrams
Notes
Problems
Chapter 7. Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean
7.1 Stability Criteria
7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere
7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability
Notes
Problems
Chapter 8. Cloud Characteristics and Processes
8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics
8.2 Precipitation Processes
8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere
8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds
8.5 Cumuliform Clouds
8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes
Notes
Problems
Chapter 9. Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater
9.1 Ocean Surface Energy Budget
9.2 Ocean Surface Salinity Budget
9.3 Ocean Surface Buoyancy Flux
9.4 Air Mass and Upper Water Mass Modification
Notes
Problems
Chapter 10. Sea Ice, Snow and Glaciers
10.1 Large-scale Morphology of Sea Ice
10.2 Ice Thickness Distribution
10.3 Evolution of the Salinity Profile in Sea Ice
10.4 Thermal Properties of Sea Ice
10.5 Optical Properties of Sea Ice and Snow
10.6 Surface Energy Balance over Snow and Sea Ice
10.7 Growth and Decay of Sea Ice
10.8 Metamorphosis of Surface Snow
10.9 Glaciers
Notes
Problems
Chapter 11. Thermohaline Processes in the Ocean
11.1 Radiative Transfer in the Ocean
11.2 Skin Temperature and the Diffusive Surface Layer
11.3 Surface Density Changes and the Ocean Mixed Layer
11.4 Instability and Mixing in the Ocean Interior
11.5 Oceanic Convection and Deep Water Formation
11.6 Global Thermohaline Circulations
Notes
Problems
Part III: Special Topics
Chapter 12. Global Energy and Entropy Balances
12.1 Planetary Radiation Balance
12.2 Global Heat Engine
12.3 Entropy and Climate
12.4 Global Hydrologic Cycle
Notes
Problems
Chapter 13. Thermodynamic Feedbacks in the Climate System
13.1 Introduction to Feedback and Control Systems
13.2 Radiation Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks
13.3 Water Vapor Feedback
13.4 Cloud-radiation Feedback
13.5 Snow/Ice-albedo Feedback
13.6 Thermodynamic Control of the Tropical Ocean Warm Pool
13.7 High-latitude Ocean Feedbacks
Notes
Chapter 14. Planetary Atmospheres
14.1 Atmospheric Composition and Mass
14.2 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres
14.3 Planetary Energy Balance
14.4 Water on the Terrestrial Planets
14.5 Cloud Physics of the Terrestrial Planets
14.6 Cloud Physics of the Jovian Planets
14.7 Surface Ice
Notes
Problems
Appendices
A. Notation
B. Physical Constants
C. Units and Their SI Equivalents
D. Atmospheric Humidity Tables
E. Atmospheric Thermodynamic Chart
F. Properties of Seawater
Answers to Selected Problems
References
Index
International Geophysics Series