دانلود کتاب Time-Series Analysis and Cyclostratigraphy: Examining Stratigraphic Records of Environmental Cycles

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Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
1.1 Cyclostratigraphic data......Page 17
1.2 Past studies of cyclic sediments......Page 19
1.3 Time-series analysis – an introduction......Page 22
1.4 Chapter overview......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2 Categories of cyclostratigraphic time series......Page 38
2.2.1 Continuous-signal records......Page 39
2.2.2 Discrete-signal records......Page 42
2.2.2c Aperiodic discrete-signal records......Page 43
2.3.2 Condition 2 – Unambiguous variable......Page 44
2.3.3a Continuous-signal records......Page 45
2.3.3b Discrete-signal records......Page 47
2.4 Sampling......Page 48
2.4.1 Sample intervals and power spectra......Page 49
2.4.2 Sample intervals and aliasing......Page 50
2.4.3 Missing values and irregular sample intervals......Page 55
2.5 Chapter overview......Page 57
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2.2 Ergodicity, stationarity and detrending......Page 60
3.2.3 Outlier removal and the unit impulse......Page 64
3.2.4 Pre-whitening......Page 65
3.2.5 Other data transformations......Page 68
3.3.1 Classes of spectra and noise models......Page 71
3.3.2 Spectral resolution and bandwidth......Page 74
3.3.3 Data tapering, spectral side-lobes and bias......Page 77
3.3.4 Comparing spectra and normalization......Page 79
3.4.1 The Fourier transform and the periodogram......Page 80
3.4.2 The direct method......Page 85
3.4.3 The multi-taper method......Page 86
3.4.4 The Blackman–Tukey method......Page 91
3.4.5 The maximum entropy method......Page 93
3.4.6 The Walsh method......Page 95
3.5 The statistical significance of spectral peaks......Page 97
3.6 Chapter overview......Page 106
4.2 Evolutionary spectra......Page 107
4.3 Filtering......Page 111
4.4 Complex demodulation......Page 117
4.5.1 Coherency spectra......Page 119
4.5.2 Phase spectra......Page 123
4.6 Wavelet analysis......Page 128
4.7 Phase portraits and chaos......Page 131
4.8 Singular spectrum analysis......Page 139
4.9 Chapter overview......Page 143
5.1 Introduction......Page 145
5.2.1 Trends in accumulation rate......Page 146
5.2.2 Random changes in accumulation rate......Page 149
5.2.4 Signal-driven accumulation rates, harmonics and combination tones......Page 151
5.3.1 Rectification......Page 158
5.3.2 Bioturbation......Page 160
5.3.3 Undetected hiatuses......Page 161
5.4.1 How long should a time series be?......Page 165
5.4.2 Interpreting spectral peaks......Page 171
5.5 Chapter overview......Page 175
6.1 Introduction......Page 177
6.2 The climatic spectrum......Page 178
6.3.1 Tidal cycles and orbital dynamics......Page 186
6.3.2 Stratigraphic records of tidal cycles......Page 194
6.3.3 Records of tidal cycles and the Earth’s orbital parameters......Page 196
6.4 Annual cycles......Page 197
6.5.1 The El Niño/Southern Oscillation system......Page 200
6.5.2 Stratigraphic records of ENSO variability......Page 202
6.6 The North Atlantic Oscillation......Page 203
6.7.1 Sunspot cycles and solar physics......Page 206
6.7.2 Stratigraphic records of solar cycles......Page 210
6.8.1 Latest Pleistocene Heinrich events and millennial-scale climatic cycles in the North Atlantic......Page 211
6.8.2 Climatic mechanisms involved in North Atlantic millennial-scale cycles and Heinrich events......Page 213
6.8.3 Evidence for millennial-scale cycles outside the North Atlantic region......Page 214
6.8.4 Earlier records and the origin of millennial-scale cycles......Page 215
6.9.1 The nature and climatic expression of the orbital cycles......Page 216
6.9.1a Precession......Page 220
6.9.1b Eccentricity......Page 221
6.9.2 Earth’s orbital history......Page 222
6.9.3a Tuning of Pliocene–Recent cyclostratigraphic records......Page 223
6.9.3b Tuning of older cyclostratigraphic records......Page 225
6.9.4a Results from stratigraphic studies......Page 228
6.9.4b The 100-ka cycles in the late Pleistocene......Page 230
6.10 Chapter overview......Page 232
Appendix – published algorithms for time-series analysis......Page 233
References......Page 237
Index......Page 268